Military topography: Collection of symbols. Coordinate systems used in topography: geographic, flat rectangular, polar and bipolar coordinates, their essence and use Coordinate systems used in topography

1. INTRODUCTORY LECTURE .. 4

1.1. Purpose of military topography. 4

2. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF TOPOGRAPHIC .. 5

2.1 General provisions. 5

2.2 Classification of topographic maps. 5

2.3 Purpose of topographic maps. 6

2.4 Layout and nomenclature of topographic maps. 7

2.4.1. Drawing topographic maps. 7

2.4.2. Nomenclature of sheets of topographic maps. eight

2.4.3. Selection of map sheets for a given area. ten

3. MAIN TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS CARRIED OUT ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP. ten

3.1. Preparation of topographic maps. ten

3.2. Measurement of distances, coordinates, directional angles and azimuths. 12

3.2.1. Scale topographic map. 12

3.2.2. Measurement of distances and areas. thirteen

3.2.3. Coordinate systems used in topography. fourteen

3.2.4. Angles, directions and their relationship on the map. sixteen

3.2.5. Determination of geographical coordinates of points on a topographic map. eighteen

3.2.6. Determination of rectangular coordinates of points on a topographic map. nineteen

3.2.7. Measurement of directional angles and azimuths. nineteen

4. READING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS. 20

4.1. The system of symbols on the topographic map. 20

4.1.1. Elements of the system of symbols. 20

4.2. General rules for reading topographic maps. 21

4.3. Image on topographic maps of the area and various objects. 21

5. DETERMINATION OF DIRECTIONS AND DISTANCES IN ORIENTATION. 23

5.1. Definition of directions. 23

5.2 Determination of distances. 23

5.2 Movement in azimuths. 23

6. WORKING WITH THE MAP.. 24

6.1 Preparing the card for work. 24

6.2. Basic rules for maintaining a work card. 25

7. DEVELOPING SCHEMES OF THE TERRAIN. 28

7.1. The purpose of the terrain schemes and the basic rules for their compilation. 28

7.2. Symbols used on the maps of the area. 29

7.3. Ways of drawing up schemes of the area. thirty

CHANGES RECORDING SHEET .. 33

The actions of subunits and units in the performance of assigned tasks are always associated with the natural environment. The terrain is one of the constantly operating factors influencing combat activity. Terrain properties that affect the preparation, organization and conduct of hostilities, the use of technical means, are usually called tactical.

These include:

patency;

orientation conditions;

the conditions of observation;

conditions for firing

masking and protective properties.

Skillful use of the tactical properties of the terrain ensures the most effective use of weapons and technical means, secrecy of maneuver, etc. Each soldier must be able to competently use the tactical properties of the terrain. This is taught by a special military discipline - military topography, the foundations of which are necessary in practical activity.

The word topography in Greek means a description of the area. Thus, topography is a scientific discipline, the subject of which is a detailed study of the earth's surface in geometric terms and the development of methods for depicting this surface.

Military topography is a military discipline about the means and methods of studying the terrain and its use in the preparation and conduct of hostilities. The most important source of information about the area is a topographic map. It should be noted here that Russian and Soviet topographic maps have always been superior in quality to foreign ones.

Despite the technical backwardness of Russia, by the end of the 19th century, in 18 years, the best three-verst map in the world at that time (3 versts in 1 inch) on 435 sheets was created. In France, 34 sheets of a similar map were created for 64 years.

During the years of Soviet power, our cartography took first place in the world in terms of the technique and organization of the production of topographic maps. By 1923, a unified system of layout and nomenclature for topographic maps had been developed. The scale series of the USSR has an obvious advantage over those in the USA, England (England has 47 different scales that are difficult to coordinate with each other, the USA has its own coordinate system in each state, which does not allow topographic map sheets to be joined).

Russian topographic maps have twice as many conventional symbols as maps of the USA and England (maps of the USA and England do not have symbols for the qualitative characteristics of rivers, road networks, bridges). In the USSR, since 1942, a unified coordinate system has been operating on the basis of new data on the size of the earth. (In the United States, data on the size of the Earth are used, calculated back in the last century).

The map is the constant companion of the commander. According to it, the commander performs a whole range of works, namely:

clarifies the problem

· conducts calculations;

Evaluates the situation

makes a decision;

assigns tasks to subordinates;

organizes interaction;

Conducts target designation;

Reporting on the course of hostilities.

This clearly shows the role and significance of the map as a means of managing units. The main map of the unit commander is a 1:100,000 scale map. It is used in all types of combat operations.

Therefore, the most important tasks of the discipline is the study of topographic maps and the most rational ways to work with them.

An image of the earth's surface with all its characteristic details can be built on a plane using certain mathematical rules. As already noted in the introductory lecture, the enormous practical significance of maps is due to such features of the cartographic image as visibility and expressiveness, purposefulness of content and semantic capacity.

A geographic map is a reduced, generalized image of the earth's surface on a plane, built in a certain cartographic projection.

A cartographic projection should be understood as a mathematical method for constructing a grid of meridians and parallels on a plane.

general geographic;

special.

General geographic maps include maps that depict all the main elements of the earth's surface with completeness, depending on the scale, without any particular emphasis on any of them.

General geographic maps, in turn, are divided into:

topographic;

hydrographic (sea, river, etc.).

Special maps are maps that, unlike general geographic maps, have a narrower and more specific purpose.

Special maps used in headquarters are created in advance in peacetime or during preparation and during combat operations. Of the special cards, the following are most widely used:

survey-geographic (for the study of theater of operations);

blank cards (for the production of information, combat and reconnaissance documents);

· maps of communication routes (for a more detailed study of the road network), etc.

Before considering the principles by which topographic maps are classified, let's define what should be understood as topographic maps.

Topographic maps are general geographical maps on a scale of 1:1,000,000 and larger, depicting the area in detail.

Our topographic maps are nationwide. They are used both for the defense of the country and in solving national economic problems.

This is clearly shown in Table 1.

Table number 1.

Topographic maps serve as the main source of information about the terrain and are one of the most important means of command and control.

According to topographic maps, it is carried out:

study of the area;

orientation;

Calculations and measurements;

a decision is made;

preparation and planning of operations;

organization of interaction;

setting tasks for subordinates, etc.

Topographic maps have found very wide application in command and control (working maps for commanders of all levels), and also as a basis for combat graphic documents and special maps. Now let's take a closer look at the purpose of topographic maps of various scales.

Maps of scales 1:500,000 - 1:1,000,000 are used to study and assess the general character of the terrain in the preparation and conduct of operations.

Maps at a scale of 1:200,000 are used to study and assess the terrain in the planning and preparation of combat operations of all branches of the armed forces, their control in battle, and marches. A feature of the map of this scale is that on its back there is printed a detailed reference about the area depicted on it ( settlements, relief, hydrography, soil map, etc.).

A 1:100,000 scale map is the main tactical map and is used for a more detailed study of the terrain compared to the previous map and for assessing its tactical properties, commanding units, target designation, and carrying out the necessary measurements.

Topographic maps of scales 1: 100,000 - 1: 200,000 serve as the main means of orientation on the march.

A 1:50,000 scale map is used primarily in defense situations.

A 1:25,000 scale map is used for a detailed study of individual areas of the terrain, for making accurate measurements, and calculations during the construction of military facilities.

3.2.3. Coordinate systems used in topography.

Coordinates are called angular or linear quantities that determine the position of points on any surface or in space. There are many different coordinate systems that are used in various fields of science and technology. In topography, those are used that allow the most simple and unambiguous determination of the position of points on the earth's surface. This lecture will cover geographic, flat rectangular and polar coordinates.

Geographic coordinate system.

In this coordinate system, the position of any point on the earth's surface relative to the origin is determined in angular measure.

The point of intersection of the initial (Greenwich) meridian with the equator is taken as the origin of coordinates in most countries (including ours). Being the same for our entire planet, this system is convenient for solving problems of determining the relative position of objects located at a considerable distance from each other.

The geographical coordinates of a point are its latitude (B, φ) and longitude (L, λ).

The latitude of a point is the angle between the equatorial plane and the normal to the surface of the earth's ellipsoid passing through the given point. Latitudes are counted from the equator to the poles. In the northern hemisphere, latitudes are called north, in the south they are called south. The longitude of a point is the dihedral angle between the plane of the prime meridian and the plane of the meridian of the given point.

The account is kept in both directions from the initial meridian from 0º to 180º. The longitude of points to the east of the prime meridian is east, to the west is west.

The geographic grid is depicted on the maps by lines of parallels and meridians (only on maps at a scale of 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000). On maps of a larger scale, the internal frames are segments of meridians and parallels, their latitude and longitude are signed at the corners of the map sheet.

System of flat rectangular coordinates.

Plane rectangular coordinates are linear quantities, the abscissa X and the ordinate Υ, which determine the position of points on the plane (on the map) relative to two mutually perpendicular axes X and Υ.

For the positive direction of the coordinate axes, it is accepted for the abscissa axis (the axial meridian of the zone) - the direction to the north, for the ordinate axis (equator) - to the east.

This system is zonal, i.e. it is set for each coordinate zone (Figure 8), into which the Earth's surface is divided when depicted on maps.

The entire earth's surface is conditionally divided into 60 six-degree zones, which are counted from the zero meridian counterclockwise. The origin of coordinates in each zone is the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator.

The origin of coordinates occupies a strictly defined position on the earth's surface in the zone. Therefore, the planar coordinate system of each zone is related both to the coordinate system of all other zones, and to the geographic coordinate system. With such an arrangement of the coordinates of the axes, the abscissa of points to the south of the equator and the ordinate to the west of the middle meridian will be negative.

In order not to deal with negative coordinates, it is customary to conditionally consider the coordinates of the starting point in each zone X=0, Υ=500 km. That is, the axial meridian (X axis) of each zone is conditionally moved to the west by 500 km. In this case, the ordinate of any point located to the west of the central meridian of the zone will always be positive and less than 500 km in absolute value, while the ordinate of a point located to the east of the central meridian will always be greater than 500 km. Thus, the coordinates of point A in the coordinate zone will be: x = 200 km, y = 600 km (see Figure 8).

To link ordinates between zones, to the left of the ordinate record, the point is assigned the number of the zone in which this point is located. The coordinates of the point obtained in this way are called complete. For example, the full rectangular coordinates of a point are: x=2567845, y=36376450. This means that the point is located 2567km 845m north of the equator, in zone 36 and 123km 550m west of the central meridian of this zone (500 000 - 376450 = 123550).

A coordinate grid is built in each zone on the map. It is a grid of squares formed by lines parallel to the coordinate axes of the zone. The grid lines are drawn through an integer number of kilometers. On a map of scale 1: 25,000, the lines forming the coordinate grid are drawn through 4 cm, i.e. after 1 km on the ground, and on maps of a scale of 1: 50,000-1: 200,000 - after 2 cm (1.2, and 4 km on the ground).

The coordinate grid on the map is used when defining rectangular

coordinates and plotting points (objects, targets) on the map by their coordinates, measuring directional angles of directions on the map, target designation, finding various objects on the map, approximate determination of distances and areas, as well as when orienting the map on the ground.

The coordinate grid of each zone has a digitization that is the same in all zones. The use of linear quantities to determine the position of points makes the system of flat rectangular coordinates very convenient for making calculations when working on the ground and on the map.

Figure 8. Coordinate zone of the system of flat rectangular coordinates.

Polar coordinates

This system is local, and is used to determine the position of some points relative to others in relatively small areas of the terrain, for example, when targeting, marking landmarks and targets, and determining data for moving along azimuths. Elements of the system of polar coordinates are shown in fig. nine.

OR is the polar axis (it can be a direction to a landmark, a meridian line, a vertical line of a kilometer grid, etc.).

θ - position angle (will have a specific name depending on the direction taken as the initial one).

OM - direction to the target (landmark).

D - distance to the target (landmark).

Figure 9. Polar coordinates.

3.2.4. Angles, directions and their relationship on the map.

When working with a map, it often becomes necessary to determine the direction to some points of the terrain relative to the direction taken as the initial one (the direction of the true meridian, the direction of the magnetic meridian, the direction of the vertical line of the kilometer grid).

Depending on which direction will be taken as the initial one, there are three types of angles that determine the direction to the points:

True azimuth (A) - the horizontal angle measured clockwise from 0º to 360º between the north direction of the true meridian of a given point and the direction of the object.

Magnetic azimuth (Am) - the horizontal angle measured clockwise from 0º to 360º between the northern direction of the magnetic meridian of a given point and the direction of the object.

Directional angle  (DU) - horizontal angle measured clockwise from 0º to 360º between the north direction of the vertical grid line of a given point and the direction of the object.

To carry out the transition from one angle to another, it is necessary to know the direction correction, which includes magnetic declination and convergence of meridians (see Fig. 10).

Figure 10. Scheme of the relative position of the true, magnetic meridians, the vertical line of the coordinate grid, magnetic declination, convergence of meridians and direction corrections.

Magnetic declination (b, Sk) - the angle between the northern directions of the true and magnetic meridians at a given point.

When the magnetic needle deviates to the east from the true meridian, the declination is east (+), to the west - west (-).

Meridian convergence (ﻻ, Sat) - the angle between the north direction of the true meridian and the vertical line of the coordinate grid at a given point.

When the vertical line of the coordinate grid deviates to the east from the true meridian, the convergence of the meridians is east (+), to the west - west (-).

Correction direction (PN) - the angle between the north direction of the vertical grid line and the direction of the magnetic meridian. It is equal to the algebraic difference between the magnetic declination and the convergence of the meridians.

ST = (± δ) – (± ﻻ)

The values ​​of PN are removed from the map or calculated by the formula.

We have already considered the graphic relationship between the corners, and now we will consider several formulas that determine this relationship:

Am \u003d α - (± PN).

α = Am + (± PN).

The indicated angles and direction correction are found in practice when orienting on the ground, for example, when moving along azimuths, when using a protractor (officer's ruler) or an artillery circle on the map, directional angles are measured to landmarks located on the route of movement, they are converted into magnetic azimuths, which measured on the ground with a compass.

3.2.5. Determination of geographical coordinates of points on a topographic map.

As noted earlier, the frame of the topographic map is divided into minute segments, which, in turn, are divided by dots into second divisions (the division price depends on the scale of the map). Latitudes are indicated on the sides of the frame, longitudes are indicated on the northern and southern sides.

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Figure 11. Determination of geographic and rectangular coordinates on a topographic map.

Using the minute frame of the map, you can:

1. Determine the geographical coordinates of any point on the map.

To do this, you need (example for point A):

draw a parallel through point A;

determine the number of minutes and seconds between the parallel point A and the southern parallel of the map sheet (01’ 35”);

add the resulting number of minutes and seconds to the latitude of the southern parallel of the map and get the latitude of the point, φ = 60º00′ + 01′ 35″ = 60º 01′ 35″

draw the true meridian through t. A

determine the number of minutes and seconds between the true meridian t.A and the western meridian of the map sheet (02′);

add the received number of minutes and seconds to the longitude of the western meridian of the map sheet, λ = 36º 30′ + 02′ = 36º 32′

2. Draw a point on a topographic map.

For this, it is necessary (example for T.A. φ = 60º 01′ 35″, λ = 36˚ 32́׳).

on the western and eastern sides of the frame, determine points with a given latitude and connect them with a straight line;

on the northern and southern sides of the frame, determine points with a given longitude and connect them with a straight line;

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military topography is one of the most important subjects of instruction in the system of combat training of sergeants and soldiers of all branches of the armed forces. Knowledge of military topography allows one to skillfully study and assess the terrain, its tactical properties, use topographic and special maps, ground navigation equipment in organizing and conducting combat operations in order to effectively use weapons and military equipment in modern combat conditions.

Military topography is a special military discipline that studies the methods and means of assessing the terrain, orienting on it and making field measurements to ensure the combat activities of troops (forces), the rules for maintaining work maps and developing graphic combat documents.

12.1. Orientation on the ground without maps

orientation on the ground means to determine your location relative to the sides of the horizon, surrounding local objects and landforms, find the right direction of movement and be able to maintain this direction on the way.

When orienting on the ground, the simplest methods of orientation are widely used: by compass, celestial bodies and signs of local objects.

12.1.1.1 magnetic compass device

when orienting on the ground, the Adrianov compass is most widely used.

Adrianov's compass is designed to determine the sides of the horizon, the magnetic azimuth of the direction, the measurement of horizontal angles between directions.

Adrianov's compass consists of body 1 (Fig. 176), in the center of which, on the tip of the game,

a magnetic needle 3 is placed in the base. In a non-working state, the magnetic needle is pressed against the glass cover by a brake 6. The circular scale (limb) 2 is divided into 120 divisions, the division value is 3 0. The scale has a double digitization: internal - clockwise from 0 0 to 360 0 through 15 0 (5 scale divisions) and external - counterclockwise through 5 large divisions of the goniometer (10 scale divisions).

For sighting objects on the ground and taking readings on the compass scale, a sighting device (pillar and luska) 4 and a reading indicator 5 are fixed on a rotating ring. using a compass at night.

Compass Rules. When working with a compass, you should always remember that when determining the sides of the horizon, it is necessary to move away from power lines, railway tracks, military equipment and large metal objects at a distance of 40-50 meters.

12.1.2. Determining directions to the sides of the horizon using a compass

to determine the sides of the horizon using a compass, you need to give the compass a horizontal position, release the brake and set (turn) the compass so that the northern end of the arrow coincides with the zero division of the scale, which corresponds to the direction to the north.

12.1.3. Determination of directions to the sides of the horizon

by heavenly lights

In the absence of a compass or in areas of magnetic anomalies, the sides of the horizon can be approximately determined during the day by the Sun, and at night by the Polar Star or the Moon.

The sun makes its visible path across the sky from east to west and moves 15 0 in 1 hour. at noon (about 1 pm and 2 pm in summer) it is in the south.

On a sunny day, the direction to the north can be determined by the shadow (Fig. 177). In the figure, the shadow is given by a vertically placed pencil. Local shadow observation time

is 30 0 (15-13) x 15 0 \u003d 30 0.

By the sun with a watch(Fig. 178). The clock is held horizontally and rotated

them until the hour hand is aligned with the direction of the Sun (the position of the minute hand is not taken into account). The angle between the hour hand and number 1 (in summer - number 2) of the watch dial is divided in half. The line dividing the angle in half will indicate the direction to the south.

By the North Star. The polar star is in the north. At night, in a cloudless sky, it can be easily found by the constellations Ursa Major. Through the two extreme stars of the Big Dipper, you need to slowly draw a straight line (Fig. 179) and set it aside for

it is five times a segment equal to the distance between the extreme stars. The end of the fifth segment will indicate the position of the North Star. The accuracy of determining the direction of the North Star is 2-3 0 .

By the Moon. The sides of the horizon are determined on a cloudy night, when it is not possible to find the North Star. To do this, you need to know the location of the moon in different phases (Table 65).

Table 65

12.1.4. Determining the sides of the horizon on the basis of local objects

The bark of most trees is rougher on the north side, thinner, more elastic (lighter in birch) - on the south;

on the north side, trees, stones, tiled and slate roofs are covered earlier and more abundantly with moss, lichens, fungi;

on coniferous trees, resin accumulates more abundantly on the south side;

anthills are located on the south side of trees, stumps and bushes, in addition, the southern slope of anthills is gentle, and the northern one is steep;

snow melts faster on the southern slopes, as a result of thawing, notches are formed on the snow - spikes directed to the south;

clearings in forests, as a rule, are oriented in the north-south or west-east direction; the numbering of forest blocks goes from west to east and further south;

altars of Orthodox churches, chapels facing east,

the main entrances are located on the western side;

the altars of Catholic churches (kostels) face west;

the raised end of the lower crossbar of the churches faces north;

on the stumps of sawn trees, the layers of annual growths of the tree are more closely located to the north side.

12.1.5. Measuring angles on the ground

Measuring angles with binoculars. In the binoculars telescope there are two mutually perpendicular scales (Fig. 180) for measuring horizontal and

vertical corners. The price of a large division is 0-10, a small division of a protractor is 0-05.

In the figure, the horizontal angle between the trees is 0-45 and the vertical angle between the base and the top of the tree is 0-15. The accuracy of measuring angles with binoculars is 0-02.

Measuring angles with a ruler with millimeter divisions. With the help of such a ruler, you can measure angles in goniometer divisions and in degrees. If the ruler is held in front of you at a distance of 50 cm from the eyes (Fig. 181), then 1 mm on the ruler will correspond to 0-02. When measuring the angle, the number of millimeters between the pre-

Meths and multiply them by 0-02. When measuring the angle in degrees, the ruler is carried out in front of you at a distance of 60 cm from the eyes. In this case, 1 cm on the ruler will correspond to 1 0 .

12.1.6. Distance measurement

Determination of distances by the angular dimensions of objects. The method is used when the linear dimensions of the remote object are known, to which the distance is measured. The angular dimensions of an object are measured in goniometer divisions using binoculars. The distance to the object is determined by the formula:

D \u003d ------- x 1000,

where B is the known height (width, length) of the object, in m;

Y is the angular value of the object, in goniometer divisions.

For example: a landmark (a single tree) observed through binoculars, whose height is 10 m, is covered by three small divisions of the binocular scale (0-15). Therefore, the distance to the landmark

Table 66

An object	Dimensions, m
height	length	width
Medium tank	2-2,5	6-7	3-3,5
armored personnel carrier		5-6	2-2,4
Sidecar motorcycle			1,2
Truck	2-2,5	5-6	2-3,5
Passenger car	1,6		1,5
Coach
railway tank car
Communication line wooden pole	5-7	-	-
Rural house	6-7	-	-
One floor of a residential building	3-4	-	-
Distance between poles	-	50-60	-
Medium height man	1,7	-	-

Measuring distances in steps

This method is usually used when moving along azimuths, drawing up terrain diagrams, mapping individual objects, landmarks, and in other cases. Steps are usually counted in pairs. The step of a person of average height is 0.7-0.8 m, the length of a pair of steps is 1.6 m. More precisely, the length of your step can be determined by the formula:

D \u003d ----- + 0.37,

where D is the length of one step, in m;

P is the height of a person, in m.

Example: a person’s height is 1.75 m, then the length of his step is

D \u003d ----- + 0.37 \u003d 0.8 m.

12.1.7. Target designation on the ground

The ability to quickly and correctly indicate targets, landmarks and other objects on the ground is essential for commanding subunits and fire.

Target designation on the ground is performed in various ways: from a landmark, by azimuth and range to the target, by an azimuth indicator (tower goniometer), tracer bullets (projectiles) and signal rockets.

Target designation from a landmark is the most common method. First, the nearest landmark to the target is called, then the angle between the direction to the landmark and the direction to the target in goniometer divisions (measured with binoculars) and the distance to the target in meters. For example: "Landmark two, forty to the right, further two hundred, at a separate bush - a machine gun."

In azimuth and range to the target. The azimuth of the direction to the target is determined using a compass in degrees, and the distance to it is determined using an observation device or by eye in meters. For example: "Azimuth thirty-five, range six hundred - a tank in a trench." This method is most often used in areas where there are few landmarks.

According to the azimuth index (tower goniometer). The square of the sight is combined with the target and, after reading the setting of the azimuth indicator, the direction to the target, its name and range are reported. For example: "Thirty-five zero-zero, BMP at the edge of the grove, seven hundred."

Tracer bullets (shells) and flares. When specifying targets in this way, the order and length of the queues (the color of the missiles) are pre-set, and observers are appointed to receive target designation, who report on the appearance of signals.

12.1.8 Determination of magnetic azimuths

Magnetic azimuth, Am - horizontal angle measured clockwise from the north direction of the magnetic meridian to the direction of the object. Its values ​​can be from 0 to 360 0 .

The magnetic azimuth of the direction is determined using a compass in a certain order. Stand facing in a given direction, holding the compass in a horizontal position in front of you at a height of 10-12 cm below eye level, release the brake of the magnetic needle. Holding the compass in an approximate position, turn the rotating cover to direct the line of sight (sight sight) in a given direction and calculate the reading on the dial against the front sight pointer. This will be the magnetic azimuth of the direction. On fig. 182 magnetic azimuth to a single tree 330 0 .

To determine the direction on the ground according to a given magnetic azimuth, it is necessary to set a reading on the compass scale against the front sight equal to the value of the given magnetic azimuth. Then, releasing the brake of the magnetic needle, turn the compass in a horizontal plane so that the northern end of the arrow points against the zero division of the scale. Without changing the position of the compass, notice on the ground along the line of sight through the rear sight and front sight some distant landmark. The direction to the landmark will be the direction corresponding to the given azimuth.

12.1.9. Movement in azimuths

Azimuth movement is a way of maintaining an intended path from one point to another at known azimuths and distances.

Preparing data for moving along azimuths

On the map, a route is planned with clear landmarks on turns and the directional angle and length of each straight section of the route are measured. The distance between landmarks should not exceed 1-2 km on foot, and 6-10 km when driving. Directional angles are converted to magnetic azimuths (see section 12.2.4), and distances are converted to pairs of steps. Data for movement in azimuths is drawn up on the map, and if there is no map on the way, then they make up a route diagram (Fig. 183) or a table (Table 67).

The order of movement in azimuths

At the original (first) landmark, using a compass, it is determined by the azimuth to

Table 67

direction of movement to the second landmark. In this direction, they notice some distant landmark and begin to move, counting the distance in pairs of steps. Having reached the intended landmark, the direction of movement is again indicated by the compass to the next intermediate landmark, and so they continue to move until they reach the second landmark. In the same order, they continue to move from the second landmark to the third, and so on. the accuracy of the exit to landmarks and to the end point usually does not exceed 1/10 of the distance traveled, that is, 100 m for each kilometer of the distance traveled.

12.2. Working with a map on the ground

topographic map is a reduced, detailed and accurate image of a small area on a plane (paper).

The maps used by the troops are divided into large-scale, medium-scale and small-scale (tab. 68).

Table 68

map scale	Card name	Map classification
scale	by main purpose
1: 10,000 in 1cm 100m)	ten thousandth	large scale	tactical
1: 25,000 (in 1 cm 250 m)	twenty-five thousandth
1: 50,000 (in 1 cm 500 m)	five thousandth
1:100,000 (in 1 cm 1 km)	hundred thousandth	medium-sized staff
1: 200,000 (in 1 cm 2 km)	two hundred thousandth	operational
1: 500,000 (in 1 cm 5 km)	five hundred thousandth	small scale
1:1,000,000 (in 1 cm 10 km)	millionth

12.2.1. Map nomenclature

This is a system of designation (numbering) of individual sheets. The nomenclature of topographic maps is based on a 1:1,000,000 scale map. The nomenclature is signed above the northern frame of the map in the upper right corner. A typical record of the nomenclature of sheets of maps of all scales is given in Table 69.

Table 69

Knowing the nomenclature of a map sheet, it is possible to determine what scale of the map this sheet belongs to. The digital nomenclature is used for the mechanical accounting of the card.

12.2.2. Basic symbols

Topographic maps display all the most important elements of the terrain: relief, hydrography, vegetation cover and soils, settlements, road network, borders, industrial, agricultural, socio-cultural and other objects. All these elements of the terrain are displayed on cartographic maps. conventional signs.

According to their purpose and geometric properties, cartographic symbols are divided into three types: linear, off-scale and areal. In addition to conventional signs on maps, signatures are used to explain the type or type of objects depicted on the map, as well as their quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

Linear cartographic symbols depict objects of a linear nature, the length of which is expressed on the scale of the map - roads, oil pipelines, etc.

Off-scale cartographic symbols depict objects whose areas are not expressed on the scale of the map. The location of such objects is determined by the main point of the symbol. (Fig. 184).

Areal cartographic conventions fill the areas of objects expressed on the scale of the map (forests, settlements, etc.).

12.2.3. Reading maps of various scales

Reading a map means correctly and fully perceiving the symbolism of its conventional signs, quickly and accurately recognizing from them not only the type and varieties of the depicted objects, but also their characteristic properties. The following general rules must be followed:

1. Visual attitude to the content of the card.

2. Aggregate reading of conventional signs.

3. Memorization of what has been read.

12.2.4. Determination of directional angles

Transition from directional angle to magnetic azimuth and vice versa

The directional node, ___ of any direction, is the angle measured on the map in a clockwise direction from 0 0 to 360 0 between the north direction of the vertical kilometer line and the direction to the local object being determined. Directional angles are measured with a protractor or chordogoniometer. The measurement of directional angles with a protractor is measured in the following sequence:

the landmark on which the directional angle is measured is connected by a straight line to the standing point so that this straight line is greater than the radius of the protractor and intersects at least one vertical line of the coordinate grid;

combine the center of the protractor with the intersection point, as shown in Fig. 185 and count the value of the directional angle along the protractor. In our example, the directional angle from point A to point B is 46 0 , and from point A to point C - 300 0 . The average error in measuring the angle with a protractor is 1 0 .

On the ground, with the help of a compass (compass), the magnetic azimuths of the directions are measured, from which they then go to the directional angles. On the map, on the contrary, directional angles are measured and from them they are transferred to the magnetic azimuths of directions on the ground (Fig. 186).

A m = ___ - ( + PN),

A m + ( + PN),

PN = ( + b) – ( + ___),

where b - magnetic declination, ___ - convergence of meridians, PN - direction correction. Sign "+" if ___, ____, PN - eastern, "-" if ___, ___, PN - western. Magnetic declination, approach and direction correction are signed under the southern frame of the map in the lower left corner.

12.2.5. Target designation on the map. Determination of coordinates

If you want to clarify the position of the target in the square, then it is divided into 4 or 9 parts (Fig. 187). For example: "Target M, square 6590-B" or "square 6590-4".

Geographical coordinates

Geographic coordinates are called angular quantities (latitude B and longitude L), which determine the position of objects on the earth's surface relative to the plane of the equator and the initial (zero) meridian. On maps of scales 1:25,000 - 1:200,000, the sides of the frames are divided into segments equal to 1 / . These segments are shaded through one and divided by dots (except for the map at a scale of 1:200,000) into parts of 10 // . Determination of geographical coordinates (Fig. 188). Position accuracy + 3 // .

Flat rectangular coordinates - linear values ​​of the abscissa X and ordinate Y, which determine the position of a point on a plane (map). When determining the full coordinates of a point by digitizing the coordinate line that forms the southern and western sides of the square in which the point is located, the full XY value in kilometers is found and recorded. Then, with a measuring compass (ruler), measure the distance along the perpendicular from the point to these coordinate lines in meters and add them to X and Y (Fig. 189). The accuracy of determining the coordinates is not more than 0.2 mm on the map scale.

12.2.6. Determination of heights and mutual excesses

The absolute height H of any point in the area, the mark of which is not signed on the map, is determined by the mark of the horizontal line closest to it. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to determine the marks of contour lines using the marks of other contour lines and characteristic points of the terrain indicated on the map (Fig. 190). The mark of the horizons a can be determined by the elevation of 197.4 and the section height of 10 m, a = 190 m. Absolute height

a separate tree will be equal to 165 m, a windmill 172 m. Determination of the mutual excess of points (h) consists in establishing a value indicating how much one point is higher or lower than the other. For example, a windmill is 7 m higher than a single tree. The absolute height accuracy is no more than 0.5 mm on the map scale.

12.2.7. Mapping the situation and actions of units

and divisions of the RCB protection

Mapping the situation is called maintaining a work map. The situation is applied with the necessary accuracy, completeness and clarity.

The service title, the start time of the card and the signature of the official are drawn up on the card; put the position of their unit and information about the enemy, information about the radiation, chemical and biological situation, draw the forms of tables (distribution of forces and means, control signals, warnings, etc.), symbols, meteorological data.

Drawing on the working map with pencils of certain colors the position of friendly troops and enemy troops must correspond to their location on the ground.

Red color shows the position, tasks and actions of motorized rifle, tank units and units of other branches of the armed forces, except for units of rocket troops, artillery, special troops, which are shown in black.

Enemy troops, their position, actions, control points, positions, etc. marked on the map in blue.

The numbering and name of units and explanatory captions related to friendly troops are in black, and those related to the enemy are in blue. All signatures should be placed parallel to the northern frame of the map.

For the commanders of radiation and chemical reconnaissance, it is necessary to know and be able to correctly plot the reconnaissance route.

Climbing the route on the map

The route on the map is raised with a black colored pencil, a broken line at a distance of 2-3 mm from the road on the southern and eastern sides of the road. Landmarks are circled in black 8 mm in size. The distance between the landmarks is measured and signed next to the designations of the landmarks on an accrual basis from the outgoing point (Fig. 191). When planning a march, the route is raised in pencil

brown color and the circles are outlined in the same brown color. Drawing the situation on the map and the actions of units and subunits of the RCB protection are applied symbols used in combat documents.

12.2. navigation equipment for reconnaissance vehicles

Navigation equipment is intended for:

driving automobile and mixed convoys in conditions of limited visibility (at night, in fog, blizzard, with dust and smoke), on terrain poor in landmarks and in zones of radioactive contamination;

linking a station for detecting and detecting nuclear explosions;

maintaining a given direction of movement.

12.3.1. Tactical and technical characteristics

Name of data	TNA-3	TNA-4
The equipment provides operation with the maximum error in determining the current coordinates: for caterpillar objects for wheeled objects	3% 3,5%	3% 3,5%
Work with a given reorientation accuracy for	7 o'clock	7 o'clock
Maintaining the initial directional angle of the object with an error	0-01	0-01
Initial coordinates with error	+ 20 m	+ 20 m
Time of continuous operation of the equipment	no more than 7 hours	not limited
Time of readiness of the equipment for work after its inclusion	13 minutes	13 minutes
The movement of the object after turning on the equipment is allowed	in 6 minutes	in 3 minutes
The equipment ensures operation with a given accuracy at the voltage of the on-board network	27 V + 10%	27 V + 5 %
The accuracy of maintaining the route from the distance traveled is approximately	1,3 %	1,3%

12.3.2. Preparation for work consists in preparing the initial data,

turning on the equipment and initial and initial orientation

Preparation of initial data includes the definition of:

flat rectangular coordinates X and Y of the starting point;

coordinate difference between the destination and the starting point X, Y:

X = X a.s. – X ref.

Y = Y a.s. - At ref.

Directional angle to the landmark ___ op.

12..3.3. Switching the equipment on and off

Turn on the equipment in the parking lot of the facility in the following order:

set the SYSTEM switch on the coordinator to the ON position;

make sure by ear that the current converter PT-200-TsSh is started;

switch OPERATION-CONTROL to position WORK;

scale to 10 m.

Turn on the equipment by setting the SYSTEM switch on the coordinator to the OFF position.

12.3.4. Initial orientation

The initial orientation consists in setting the object to the starting point, determining the initial directional angle _______ ref. And entering the initial data into the equipment (Fig. 192).

Ref. = ___ op. - ___ visas. ,

where ___ visa. - the angle of sight from the tower protractor to the landmark on the ground, if ___ op< ____ виз, то _____ исх. = 60-00+___ ор. - ___ виз. .

in the absence of landmarks and in conditions of poor visibility, the directional angle

Ref. It can be determined using the PAB-2A compass (Fig. 193) and is calculated by the formulas:

Ref. = A m + ( + PN) + ( + 30-00) - ____ visa. ,

the value 30-00 is entered into the formula with a “+” sign if A m< 30-00 и со знаком «-«, если А м >30-00. If the sum A m + ( + PN) + ( + 30-00) < ___ виз. , то ___ мсх. = А м + (+ PN) + ( + 30-00) + 60 –00 - ___ visa.

12.3.5. Entering initial data

The following initial data are entered into the navigation equipment: latitude, electrical balancing (El.B), flat rectangular coordinates X ref and Y ref, X and Y, initial directional angle ___ ref., path correction (K).

12.3.6. Terms of use

Before putting the equipment into operation, it is necessary to carry out TO-1;

correction of the path during the march is allowed;

it is forbidden to turn off the power while the equipment is operating in the facility;

if the supply voltage was cut off or decreased while the object was moving, then it is necessary to turn off the equipment, after the voltage rises to the norm, turn on the equipment and reorient the object;

each time the latitude of the location of the object changes by 1 0 (THA-3) and 2 0 (THA-4), it is necessary to set the corresponding value of the LATITUDE scale of the control panel of the equipment.

12.4. Organization of classes on military topography in a platoon

Classes in a platoon are organized in accordance with the Combat Training Program of the Ground Forces.

Preparation of the lesson includes: study of the lesson schedule, personal preparation of the leader and students for the lesson, selection and preparation of a site, development of a plan for the lesson, preparation of the material part and means of logistical support for the lesson.

The squad leader, preparing for the lesson, understands its topic, educational goals and educational issues, time, duration and area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe lesson, studies the relevant sections of the textbook "Military Topography", teaching aids and the standards planned for practicing for classes. After reconnaissance of the occupation area by the platoon commander, based on his instructions, the squad leader draws up a plan for conducting the lesson and submits it for approval to the platoon commander 1-2 days before the start of classes.

The lesson plan is a personal working document of the squad leader and is usually drawn up in a workbook textually with the action plan of the unit being trained. It should be set out clearly, specifically, it should clearly define the goals, educational issues and the sequence of the lesson, as well as the nature of the actions of the leader and trainees on each educational issue.

Coordinate systems used in topography: geographical, flat rectangular, polar and bipolar coordinates, their essence and use

Coordinates called angular and linear quantities (numbers) that determine the position of a point on a surface or in space.

In topography, such coordinate systems are used that allow the most simple and unambiguous determination of the position of points on the earth's surface, both from the results of direct measurements on the ground and using maps. These systems include geographic, flat rectangular, polar and bipolar coordinates.

Geographical coordinates(Fig. 1) - angular values: latitude (Y) and longitude (L), which determine the position of the object on the earth's surface relative to the origin of coordinates - the point of intersection of the initial (Greenwich) meridian with the equator. On the map, the geographic grid is indicated by a scale on all sides of the map frame. The western and eastern sides of the frame are meridians, while the northern and southern sides are parallels. In the corners of the map sheet, the geographical coordinates of the points of intersection of the sides of the frame are signed.

Rice. 1. The system of geographical coordinates on the earth's surface

In the geographic coordinate system, the position of any point on the earth's surface relative to the origin of coordinates is determined in angular measure. For the beginning, in our country and in most other states, the point of intersection of the initial (Greenwich) meridian with the equator is accepted. Being, therefore, the same for our entire planet, the system of geographical coordinates is convenient for solving problems of determining the relative position of objects located at considerable distances from each other.

Therefore, in military affairs, this system is used mainly for conducting calculations related to the use of long-range combat weapons, such as ballistic missiles, aviation, etc.

Planar rectangular coordinates(Fig. 2) - linear quantities that determine the position of the object on the plane relative to the accepted origin - the intersection of two mutually perpendicular lines (coordinate axes X and Y).

In topography, each 6-degree zone has its own system of rectangular coordinates. The X-axis is the axial meridian of the zone, the Y-axis is the equator, and the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator is the origin of coordinates.

Rice. 2. System of flat rectangular coordinates on maps

The system of flat rectangular coordinates is zonal; it is set for each six-degree zone into which the Earth's surface is divided when depicted on maps in the Gaussian projection, and is intended to indicate the position of images of points on the earth's surface on a plane (map) in this projection.

The origin of coordinates in the zone is the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator, relative to which the position of all other points of the zone is determined in a linear measure. The origin of the zone coordinates and its coordinate axes occupy a strictly defined position on the earth's surface. Therefore, the system of flat rectangular coordinates of each zone is connected both with the coordinate systems of all other zones, and with the system of geographical coordinates.

The use of linear quantities to determine the position of points makes the system of flat rectangular coordinates very convenient for making calculations both when working on the ground and on the map. Therefore, this system finds the widest application in the troops. Rectangular coordinates indicate the position of terrain points, their battle formations and targets, with their help they determine the relative position of objects within one coordinate zone or in adjacent sections of two zones.

Polar and bipolar coordinate systems are local systems. In military practice, they are used to determine the position of some points relative to others in relatively small areas of the terrain, for example, in target designation, marking landmarks and targets, drawing up terrain maps, etc. These systems can be associated with systems of rectangular and geographical coordinates.

Coordinates called angular and linear quantities (numbers) that determine the position of a point on a surface or in space.

In topography, such coordinate systems are used that allow the most simple and unambiguous determination of the position of points on the earth's surface, both from the results of direct measurements on the ground and using maps. These systems include geographic, flat rectangular, polar and bipolar coordinates.

Geographical coordinates(Fig.1) - angular values: latitude (j) and longitude (L), which determine the position of the object on the earth's surface relative to the origin of coordinates - the point of intersection of the initial (Greenwich) meridian with the equator. On the map, the geographic grid is indicated by a scale on all sides of the map frame. The western and eastern sides of the frame are meridians, while the northern and southern sides are parallels. In the corners of the map sheet, the geographical coordinates of the points of intersection of the sides of the frame are signed.

Rice. 1. The system of geographical coordinates on the earth's surface

In the geographic coordinate system, the position of any point on the earth's surface relative to the origin of coordinates is determined in angular measure. For the beginning, in our country and in most other states, the point of intersection of the initial (Greenwich) meridian with the equator is accepted. Being, therefore, the same for our entire planet, the system of geographical coordinates is convenient for solving problems of determining the relative position of objects located at considerable distances from each other. Therefore, in military affairs, this system is used mainly for conducting calculations related to the use of long-range combat weapons, such as ballistic missiles, aviation, etc.

Planar rectangular coordinates(Fig. 2) - linear quantities that determine the position of the object on the plane relative to the accepted origin - the intersection of two mutually perpendicular lines (coordinate axes X and Y).

In topography, each 6-degree zone has its own system of rectangular coordinates. The X-axis is the axial meridian of the zone, the Y-axis is the equator, and the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator is the origin of coordinates.

Rice. 2. System of flat rectangular coordinates on maps

The system of flat rectangular coordinates is zonal; it is set for each six-degree zone into which the Earth's surface is divided when depicted on maps in the Gaussian projection, and is intended to indicate the position of images of points on the earth's surface on a plane (map) in this projection.

The origin of coordinates in the zone is the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator, relative to which the position of all other points of the zone is determined in a linear measure. The origin of the zone coordinates and its coordinate axes occupy a strictly defined position on the earth's surface. Therefore, the system of flat rectangular coordinates of each zone is connected both with the coordinate systems of all other zones, and with the system of geographical coordinates.

The use of linear quantities to determine the position of points makes the system of flat rectangular coordinates very convenient for making calculations both when working on the ground and on the map. Therefore, this system finds the widest application in the troops. Rectangular coordinates indicate the position of terrain points, their battle formations and targets, with their help they determine the relative position of objects within one coordinate zone or in adjacent sections of two zones.

Polar and bipolar coordinate systems are local systems. In military practice, they are used to determine the position of some points relative to others in relatively small areas of the terrain, for example, in target designation, marking landmarks and targets, drawing up terrain maps, etc. These systems can be associated with systems of rectangular and geographical coordinates.

2. Determination of geographical coordinates and mapping of objects by known coordinates

The geographical coordinates of a point located on the map are determined from the parallels and meridians closest to it, the latitude and longitude of which are known.

The frame of the topographic map is divided into minutes, which are separated by dots into divisions of 10 seconds each. Latitudes are indicated on the sides of the frame, and longitudes are indicated on the northern and southern sides.

Rice. 3. Determination of the geographical coordinates of a point on the map (point A) and drawing a point on the map by geographical coordinates (point B)

Using the minute frame of the map, you can:

1 . Determine the geographic coordinates of any point on the map.

For example, the coordinates of point A (Fig. 3). To do this, use a measuring compass to measure the shortest distance from point A to the southern frame of the map, then attach the meter to the western frame and determine the number of minutes and seconds in the measured segment, add the obtained (measured) value of minutes and seconds (0 "27") with the latitude of the southwestern corner of the frame - 54 ° 30 ".

Latitude points on the map will be equal to: 54°30"+0"27" = 54°30"27".

Longitude defined in a similar way.

Using a measuring compass, measure the shortest distance from point A to the western frame of the map, apply the measuring compass to the southern frame, determine the number of minutes and seconds in the measured segment (2 "35"), add the obtained (measured) value to the longitude of the southwestern corner frames - 45°00".

Longitude points on the map will be equal to: 45°00"+2"35" = 45°02"35"

2. Put any point on the map according to the given geographical coordinates.

For example, point B latitude: 54°31 "08", longitude 45°01 "41".

To map a point in longitude, it is necessary to draw a true meridian through a given point, for which connect the same number of minutes along the northern and southern frames; to plot a point in latitude on a map, it is necessary to draw a parallel through this point, for which connect the same number of minutes along the western and eastern frames. The intersection of two lines will determine the location of point B.

3. Rectangular coordinate grid on topographic maps and its digitization. Additional grid at the junction of coordinate zones

The coordinate grid on the map is a grid of squares formed by lines parallel to the coordinate axes of the zone. The grid lines are drawn through an integer number of kilometers. Therefore, the coordinate grid is also called the kilometer grid, and its lines are kilometer.

On the 1:25000 map, the lines forming the coordinate grid are drawn through 4 cm, that is, through 1 km on the ground, and on maps 1:50000-1:200000 through 2 cm (1.2 and 4 km on the ground, respectively). On the 1:500000 map, only the exits of the coordinate grid lines are plotted on the inner frame of each sheet after 2 cm (10 km on the ground). If necessary, coordinate lines can be drawn on the map along these exits.

On topographic maps, the values ​​of the abscissas and ordinates of the coordinate lines (Fig. 2) are signed at the exits of the lines behind the inner frame of the sheet and nine places on each sheet of the map. The full values ​​of abscissas and ordinates in kilometers are signed near the coordinate lines closest to the corners of the map frame and near the intersection of the coordinate lines closest to the northwestern corner. The rest of the coordinate lines are signed in abbreviated form with two digits (tens and units of kilometers). Signatures near the horizontal lines of the coordinate grid correspond to distances from the y-axis in kilometers.

Signatures near the vertical lines indicate the zone number (one or two first digits) and the distance in kilometers (always three digits) from the origin of coordinates, conditionally moved to the west of the zone's central meridian by 500 km. For example, the signature 6740 means: 6 - zone number, 740 - distance from the conditional origin in kilometers.

The outputs of the coordinate lines are given on the outer frame ( additional grid) coordinate systems of the adjacent zone.

4. Determination of rectangular coordinates of points. Drawing points on the map by their coordinates

On the coordinate grid using a compass (ruler) you can:

1. Determine the rectangular coordinates of a point on the map.

For example, points B (Fig. 2).

For this you need:

• write X - digitization of the lower kilometer line of the square in which point B is located, i.e. 6657 km;
• measure along the perpendicular the distance from the lower kilometer line of the square to point B and, using the linear scale of the map, determine the value of this segment in meters;
• add the measured value of 575 m with the digitization value of the lower kilometer line of the square: X=6657000+575=6657575 m.

The Y ordinate is determined in the same way:

• write the Y value - the digitization of the left vertical line of the square, i.e. 7363;
• measure the perpendicular distance from this line to point B, i.e. 335 m;
• add the measured distance to the Y digitization value of the left vertical line of the square: Y=7363000+335=7363335 m.

2. Put the target on the map according to the given coordinates.

For example, point G by coordinates: X=6658725 Y=7362360.

For this you need:

• find the square in which the point G is located by the value of whole kilometers, i.e. 5862;
• set aside from the lower left corner of the square a segment on the scale of the map, equal to the difference between the abscissa of the target and the lower side of the square - 725 m;
• from the obtained point along the perpendicular to the right, set aside a segment equal to the difference in the ordinates of the target and the left side of the square, i.e. 360 m.

Rice. 2. Determining the rectangular coordinates of a point on the map (point B) and plotting a point on the map using rectangular coordinates (point D)

5. Accuracy of determining coordinates on maps of various scales

The accuracy of determining geographical coordinates on maps 1:25000-1:200000 is about 2 and 10 "" respectively.

The accuracy of determining the rectangular coordinates of points on a map is limited not only by its scale, but also by the magnitude of the errors allowed when shooting or compiling a map and plotting various points and terrain objects on it

Geodetic points and are plotted most accurately (with an error not exceeding 0.2 mm) on the map. objects that stand out most sharply on the ground and are visible from afar, having the value of landmarks (individual bell towers, factory chimneys, tower-type buildings). Therefore, the coordinates of such points can be determined with approximately the same accuracy with which they are plotted on the map, i.e. for a map of a scale of 1:25000 - with an accuracy of 5-7 m, for a map of a scale of 1:50000 - with an accuracy of -10- 15 m, for a map at a scale of 1:100000 - with an accuracy of 20-30 m.

The remaining landmarks and contour points are plotted on the map, and, therefore, are determined from it with an error of up to 0.5 mm, and points related to contours that are not clearly expressed on the ground (for example, the contour of a swamp), with an error of up to 1 mm.

6. Determining the position of objects (points) in systems of polar and bipolar coordinates, mapping objects in direction and distance, in two angles or in two distances

System flat polar coordinates(Fig. 3, a) consists of a point O - the origin, or poles, and the initial direction of the OR, called polar axis.

Rice. 3. a – polar coordinates; b – bipolar coordinates

The position of the point M on the ground or on the map in this system is determined by two coordinates: the position angle θ, which is measured clockwise from the polar axis to the direction to the determined point M (from 0 to 360 °), and the distance OM = D.

Depending on the task being solved, an observation post, a firing position, a starting point for movement, etc. are taken as a pole, and a geographic (true) meridian, a magnetic meridian (the direction of a magnetic compass needle) or a direction to some landmark is taken as a polar axis .

These coordinates can be either two position angles that determine directions from points A and B to the desired point M, or distances D1=AM and D2=BM to it. The position angles, as shown in Fig. 1, b, are measured at points A and B or from the direction of the basis (i.e., angle A=BAM and angle B=ABM) or from any other directions passing through points A and B and taken as initial ones. For example, in the second case, the location of the point M is determined by the position angles θ1 and θ2, measured from the direction of the magnetic meridians. System flat bipolar (two-pole) coordinates(Fig. 3, b) consists of two poles A and B and a common axis AB, called the basis or base of the serif. The position of any point M relative to the two data on the map (terrain) points A and B is determined by the coordinates that are measured on the map or on the terrain.

Drawing the detected object on the map

This is one of highlights in object detection. The accuracy of determining its coordinates depends on how accurately the object (target) will be mapped.

Having found an object (target), you must first accurately determine by various features, which is found. Then, without stopping the observation of the object and without revealing yourself, put the object on the map. There are several ways to plot an object on a map.

visually: Places a feature on the map when it is close to a known landmark.

By direction and distance: to do this, you need to orient the map, find your point of standing on it, sight the direction to the detected object on the map and draw a line to the object from the point of your standing, then determine the distance to the object by measuring this distance on the map and commensurate it with the scale of the map.

Rice. 4. Drawing a target on the map with a straight cut from two points.

If in this way it is graphically impossible to solve the problem (the enemy interferes, poor visibility, etc.), then you need to accurately measure the azimuth to the object, then translate it into a directional angle and draw a direction on the map from the standing point, on which to plot the distance to the object.

To get the directional angle, you need to add the magnetic declination of this map (direction correction) to the magnetic azimuth.

straight serif. In this way, an object is put on a map of 2-3 points from which it is possible to observe it. To do this, from each selected point, the direction to the object is drawn on the oriented map, then the intersection of straight lines determines the location of the object.

7. Ways of target designation on the map: in graphical coordinates, flat rectangular coordinates (full and abbreviated), by squares of a kilometer grid (up to a whole square, up to 1/4, up to 1/9 of a square), from a landmark, from a conditional line, by azimuth and target range, in the bipolar coordinate system

The ability to quickly and correctly indicate targets, landmarks and other objects on the ground is important for controlling subunits and fire in combat or for organizing combat.

Target designation in geographic coordinates It is used very rarely and only in those cases when the targets are removed from a given point on the map at a considerable distance, expressed in tens or hundreds of kilometers. In this case, geographical coordinates are determined from the map, as described in question No. 2 of this lesson.

The location of the target (object) is indicated by latitude and longitude, for example, height 245.2 (40 ° 8 "40" N, 65 ° 31 "00" E). On the eastern (western), northern (southern) sides of the topographic frame, mark the position of the target in latitude and longitude with a prick of a compass. From these marks, perpendiculars are lowered into the depth of the sheet of the topographic map until they intersect (commander's rulers, standard sheets of paper are applied). The point of intersection of the perpendiculars is the position of the target on the map.

For approximate target designation rectangular coordinates it is enough to indicate on the map the square of the grid in which the object is located. The square is always indicated by the numbers of kilometer lines, the intersection of which forms the southwestern (lower left) corner. When indicating the square, the cards follow the rule: first they name two numbers signed at the horizontal line (at the western side), that is, the “X” coordinate, and then two numbers at the vertical line (south side of the sheet), that is, the “Y” coordinate. In this case, "X" and "Y" are not spoken. For example, enemy tanks are spotted. When transmitting a report by radiotelephone, the square number is pronounced: eighty-eight zero two.

If the position of a point (object) needs to be determined more accurately, then full or abbreviated coordinates are used.

Work with full coordinates. For example, it is required to determine the coordinates of a road sign in square 8803 on a map at a scale of 1:50000. First, determine what is the distance from the lower horizontal side of the square to the road sign (for example, 600 m on the ground). In the same way, measure the distance from the left vertical side of the square (for example, 500 m). Now, by digitizing kilometer lines, we determine the full coordinates of the object. The horizontal line has the signature 5988 (X), adding the distance from this line to the road sign, we get: X=5988600. In the same way, we determine the vertical line and get 2403500. The full coordinates of the road sign are as follows: X=5988600 m, Y=2403500 m.

Abbreviated coordinates respectively will be equal: X=88600 m, Y=03500 m.

If it is required to clarify the position of the target in a square, then target designation is used by letter or number inside the square of the kilometer grid.

When targeting in a literal way inside the square of the kilometer grid, the square is conditionally divided into 4 parts, each part is assigned a capital letter of the Russian alphabet.

The second way - digital way target designation inside the kilometer grid square (target designation by snail ). This method got its name from the arrangement of conditional digital squares inside the square of the kilometer grid. They are arranged as if in a spiral, while the square is divided into 9 parts.

When targeting in these cases, they name the square in which the target is located, and add a letter or number that specifies the position of the target inside the square. For example, a height of 51.8 (5863-A) or a high-voltage support (5762-2) (see Fig. 2).

Target designation from a landmark is the simplest and most common method of target designation. With this method of target designation, the nearest landmark to the target is first called, then the angle between the direction to the landmark and the direction to the target in goniometer divisions (measured with binoculars) and the distance to the target in meters. For example: "Landmark two, forty to the right, further two hundred, at a separate bush - a machine gun."

target designation from the conditional line usually used in combat vehicles. With this method, two points are selected on the map in the direction of action and connected by a straight line, relative to which target designation will be carried out. This line is indicated by letters, divided into centimeter divisions and numbered starting from zero. Such a construction is done on the maps of both the transmitting and receiving target designation.

Target designation from a conditional line is usually used in combat vehicles. With this method, two points are selected on the map in the direction of action and connected by a straight line (Fig. 5), relative to which target designation will be carried out. This line is indicated by letters, divided into centimeter divisions and numbered starting from zero.

Rice. 5. Target designation from a conditional line

Such a construction is done on the maps of both the transmitting and receiving target designation.

The position of the target relative to the conditional line is determined by two coordinates: a segment from the starting point to the base of the perpendicular, lowered from the target location point to the conditional line, and a segment of the perpendicular from the conditional line to the target.

When targeting, the conditional name of the line is called, then the number of centimeters and millimeters contained in the first segment, and, finally, the direction (left or right) and the length of the second segment. For example: “Direct AC, five, seven; zero to the right, six - NP.

Target designation from a conditional line can be issued by indicating the direction to the target at an angle from the conditional line and the distance to the target, for example: "Direct AC, right 3-40, one thousand two hundred - machine gun."

target designation in azimuth and range to the target. The azimuth of the direction to the target is determined using a compass in degrees, and the distance to it is determined using an observation device or by eye in meters. For example: "Azimuth thirty-five, range six hundred - a tank in a trench." This method is most often used in areas where there are few landmarks.

8. Problem solving

Determining the coordinates of terrain points (objects) and target designation on the map is practiced practically on training maps using pre-prepared points (marked objects).

Each student determines geographic and rectangular coordinates (maps objects at known coordinates).

Methods of target designation on the map are worked out: in flat rectangular coordinates (full and abbreviated), in squares of a kilometer grid (up to a whole square, up to 1/4, up to 1/9 of a square), from a landmark, in azimuth and range of the target.