Symbols of topographic maps give complete information about the area. They are generally accepted and are used for topographic maps and plans. Topographic maps are important material not only for tourists, but also for geodetic organizations, for authorities that are engaged in planning the area and transferring the boundaries of sites.

Knowledge about conventional signs helps not only to read the map correctly, but also to draw up detailed plans of the area, taking into account the new objects that have appeared.

Topographic maps are a kind of geographic maps. They carry detailed information about the terrain plan, indicating the location of various technical and natural objects relative to each other.

Topographic maps vary in scale of execution. All of them carry less or more detailed information about the area.

The scale of the map is indicated on the side or bottom of the map. It shows the ratio of sizes: indicated on the map to natural. Thus, the larger the denominator, the less detailed the material. Let's say a map 1:10 000 will have 100 meters in 1 centimeter. To find out the distance in meters between objects, using a ruler, the segment between two points is measured and multiplied by the second indicator.

1. The most detailed is the topographic plan of the area, its scale is 1: 5,000 inclusive. It does not count as a map and is not as accurate as it does not take into account the notion that the earth is round. This somewhat distorts its informativeness, nevertheless, the plan is indispensable when depicting cultural, household and economic objects. In addition, the plan can also show micro-objects that are difficult to find on the map (for example, vegetation and soils, the contours of which are too small to be depicted in other materials).
2. Topographic maps in scale 1:10 000 and 1:25 000 are considered the most detailed among the maps. They are used for household needs. They depict settlements, industrial and agricultural facilities, roads, hydrographic networks, swamps, fences, borders, etc. Such maps are most often used to obtain information about objects in an area that does not have significant forest cover. The objects of management are most reliably depicted in them.
3. Maps with a scale of 1: 50,000 and 1: 100,000 are less detailed. They schematically depict the outlines of forests and other large objects, the image of which does not require much detail. Such maps are useful for aeronautical navigation, road routes and so on.
4. Less detailed maps are used for military purposes to accomplish assigned planning tasks for various operations.
5. Maps with a scale of up to 1: 1,000,000 allow you to correctly assess the overall picture of the area.

Having decided on the task at hand, the choice of material seems to be absolutely not a difficult task. Depending on how much detailed information about the area is needed, the required map scale is also selected.

Working with a topographic map requires a clear knowledge of the schematic designation of the depicted objects.

• areal (large-scale) - for large objects (forest, meadow, lake), their sizes can be easily measured on a map, correlated with a scale and get the necessary information about the depth, length, area;
• linear - for extended geographic objects, the width of which cannot be indicated, they are plotted as a line corresponding to the scale in order to correctly display the length of the object (road, power strip);
• off-scale - they are used to designate strategically important objects, without which the map will be incomplete, but in a rather arbitrary size (bridge, well, separate tree);
• explanatory - characterizing the object, for example, the depth of the river, the height of the slope, the tree, which denotes the type of forest;
• depicting landscape components: relief, rocks and stones, hydrographic objects, vegetation, artificial structures;
• special - are applied to maps for individual sectors of the economy (meteorological, military signs).

• the main information that the image of a settlement carries is the density of buildings and the placement of the boundaries of the object, for this it is not necessary to mark each building, you can limit yourself to the main streets, intersections and important buildings;
• the legend of a group of homogeneous objects allows the image of only the extreme of them;
• when drawing a line of roads, it is necessary to indicate their middle, which should correspond to the situation on the ground, and the width of the message object itself should not be displayed;
• strategically important sites such as factories and factories are marked on the spot where the main building or factory chimney is located.

Due to the correct application of signs on the map, you can get a detailed idea of ​​the relative position of objects on the ground, the distance between them, their heights, depths and other important information.

The map must be objective and this requirement includes the following provisions:

• correctly selected standard symbols, if this is a special map, then the symbols should also be generally known in a certain area;
• correct image of line elements;
• one map must be drawn in the same image style;
• micro-objects must also be indicated exactly, if there are a certain number of such objects of the same size on the ground, they must all be marked with the same sign on the map;
• the color indicators of the elements of relief forms must be maintained correctly - the heights and lowlands are often depicted in paints, there should be a scale next to the map that shows what height on the terrain a particular color corresponds to.

Symbols of topographic maps and plans are applied in accordance with uniform rules.

1. The sizes of objects are displayed in millimeters. These signatures are usually placed to the left of conventional signs. For one object, two numbers are given for the height and width. If these parameters match, one signature is allowed. For round objects, their diameter is indicated, for signs in the shape of a star - the diameter of the circumscribed circle. For an equilateral triangle, the parameter of its height is given.
2. The thickness of the lines should correspond to the scale of the map. The main objects of plans and detailed maps (factories, mills, bridges, sluices) are drawn with 0.2–0.25 mm lines, the same designations on small-scale maps from 1:50 000 - with 0.2 mm lines. Lines for secondary characters are 0.08–0.1 mm thick. On plans and large-scale maps, an increase in signs by one third is allowed.
3. The legend of topographic maps must be clear and readable, the spaces between the inscriptions must be at least 0.2–0.3 mm. Strategically important objects can be slightly increased in size.

Separate requirements are put forward for the color scheme.

• green - designations of glaciers, permanent snow, swamps, salt marshes, intersections of coordinate lines and hydrography;
• brown - relief forms;
• blue - water bodies;
• pink - interline gaps of the highway;
• red or brown - some signs of vegetation;
• black - shading and all signs.

1. Objects indicated by off-scale conventional symbols on topographic maps and plans must correspond to the location on the ground. To do this, they need to be placed according to certain rules.

• the center of the sign of regular-shaped objects (round, square, triangular) on the plan;
• the middle of the base of the symbol - for perspective displays of objects (lighthouses, rocks);
• vertices of the corner of the designation - for icons with an element of right angles (tree, pillar);
• the middle of the bottom line of the sign - for designations in the form of a combination of figures (towers, chapels, towers).

Knowledge of the correct placement and application of signs will help to correctly draw up a topographic map or a plan of the area, making them understandable to other users.

The symbolic designation of groups of objects should be done according to the rules below.

1. Geodetic points. These objects should be marked in as much detail as possible. The marks of the centers of points are applied exactly to the centimeter. If the point is located in an elevated area, it is necessary to note the height of the hillock or mound. When drawing the boundaries of land surveys, which are marked with pillars and numbered on the ground, the numbering should also be displayed on the map.
2. Buildings and their parts. Building contours should be mapped in accordance with the building layout and dimensions. The most detailed depictions of multi-storey and historically important buildings. The number of storeys is indicated starting from two floors. If the building has an orientation tower, it must also be displayed on the map.

Small buildings, such as pavilions, cellars, building elements, are displayed at the request of the customer and only on detailed maps. Building numbers are reproduced only on large maps. Additionally, letters can denote the materials from which the building is built, its purpose, fire resistance.

Conventional signs are used to distinguish buildings under construction or dilapidated, cultural and religious buildings. Objects on the map should be placed exactly as in reality.

In general, the detail and detail of the description of the characteristics depends on the purpose of drawing up the map and is negotiated by the customer and the contractor.

1. Industrial facilities. The number of storeys in buildings does not matter. More important objects are administrative buildings and pipes. For pipes over 50 meters, the actual height must be signed.

At enterprises that have mines and are engaged in the extraction of minerals, it is customary to designate objects located on the surface. The mapping of underground tracks is carried out as agreed with the customer, indicating the working and non-working branches. For quarries, a numerical designation of their depth is mandatory.

1. Railways are shown with their gauge designation. Inactive roads should also be marked on maps. For electrified roads and tramways, a power line must be displayed nearby.

The map contains the designation of the slopes of roads, embankments and their height, slopes, tunnels and their characteristics. Dead ends, turning circles and road endings are required.

Roads are marked with a certain sign, which depends on the surface. The carriageway must be highlighted with a line.

1. It is customary to divide hydrographic objects into three groups:

• permanent;
• indefinite - existing all the time, but whose outlines often change;
• non-permanent - changing depending on the season, but with a pronounced source and direction of the channel.

Permanent water bodies are depicted by solid lines, the rest - by dash-dotted lines.

1. Relief. When depicting the terrain, horizontals or contour lines are used, indicating the heights of individual ledges. Moreover, lowlands and elevations are depicted similarly, using strokes: if they go outward, then an elevation is depicted, if inward it is a depression, gully or lowland. In addition, if the contour lines are close to each other, the slope is considered steep, if far - gentle.

A good topographic map must be extremely accurate, objective, complete, reliable, and clearly delineate the contours of objects. When drawing up a map, it is necessary to take into account the requirements of the customer.

Depending on the purposes for which the topographic map is intended, some simplifications or insignificant distortions of minor objects are allowed, but general requirements must be observed.

Various terrain objects are depicted on topographic maps and plans: the outlines of settlements, gardens, vegetable gardens, lakes, rivers, road lines, power transmission lines. The collection of these objects is called situation... The situation is depicted conventional signs.

Standard symbols, mandatory for all institutions and organizations that compile topographic maps and plans, are established by the Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography of the Russian Federation and are issued either separately for each scale, or for a group of scales.

Symbols are divided into five groups:

1. Areal conventional signs(Fig. 22) is used to fill the areas of objects (for example, arable land, forests, lakes, meadows); they consist of an object border sign (dotted line or thin solid line) and images filling it or conditional coloring; for example, symbol 1 shows a birch forest; the numbers (20 / 0.18) * 4 characterize the stand, (m): the numerator is the height, the denominator is the thickness of the trunk, 4 is the distance between the trees.

Rice. 22. Areal symbols:

1 - forest; 2 - felling; 3 - meadow; 4 - vegetable garden; 5 - arable land; 6 - orchard.

2. Linear symbols(Fig. 23) show objects of a linear nature (roads, rivers, communication lines, power transmission lines), the length of which is expressed on a given scale. The conventional images show various characteristics of objects; for example, on highway 7 (m) the following are shown: the width of the carriageway - 8 and the entire road - 12; on a single-track railway 8: +1,800 - embankment height, - 2,900 - excavation depth.

Rice. 23. Linear symbols

7 - highway; 8 - railway; 9 - communication line; 10 - power line; 11 - main pipeline (gas).

3. Out-of-scale conventional symbols(Fig. 24) are used to represent objects whose dimensions are not expressed in a given scale of a map or plan (bridges, kilometer pillars, wells, geodetic points). As a rule, off-scale marks determine the location of objects, but they cannot be used to judge their size. The signs give various characteristics, for example, the length of 17 m and the width of 3 m of the wooden bridge 12, the mark 393,500 points of the geodetic network 16.

Rice. 24. Out-of-scale symbols

12 - wooden bridge; 13 - windmill; 14 - plant, factory;

15 - kilometer pole, 16 - point of the geodetic network

4. Explanatory symbols are digital and letter inscriptions characterizing objects, for example, the depth and speed of the flow of rivers, the carrying capacity and width of bridges, the type of forest, the average height and thickness of trees, the width of highways. These signs are placed on the main areal, linear, off-scale.

5. Special symbols(Fig. 25) are established by the relevant departments of the branches of the national economy; they are used to draw up specialized maps and plans for this industry, for example, signs for mine surveying plans for oil and gas fields - oil field structures and installations, wells, field pipelines.

Rice. 25. Special symbols

17 - track; 18 - water supply; 19 - sewerage; 20 - water intake column; 21 - fountain

To give the map or plan more clarity, colors are used to depict various elements: for rivers, lakes, canals, wetlands - blue; forests and gardens - green; highways - red; improved dirt roads - orange. The rest of the situation is given in black. On exploration plans, underground communications (pipelines, cables) are colored.

Terrain relief and its representation on topographic maps and plans

Terrain relief is called a set of irregularities of the physical surface of the Earth.

Depending on the nature of the relief, the terrain is divided into mountainous, hilly, flat. All the variety of landforms is usually reduced to the following basic forms (Fig. 26):

Rice. 26. The main forms of relief

1. Mountain - domed or conical elevation of the earth's surface. The main elements of the mountain:

a) summit - the most elevated part, ending in either an almost horizontal platform, called a plateau, or a sharp peak;

b) slopes or slopes diverging from the top in all directions;

c) sole - the base of the hill, where the slopes pass into the surrounding plain.

A small mountain is called hill or knoll; artificial hill called mound.

2. Basin- a bowl-shaped, concave part of the earth's surface, or an unevenness opposite to a mountain.

In the basin, there are:

a) bottom - the lowest part (usually a horizontal platform);

b) cheeks - lateral slopes, diverging from the bottom in all directions;

c) outskirts - the border of the cheeks, where the hollow passes into the surrounding plain. A small basin is called hollow or pit.

3. Ridge- a hill, elongated in one direction and formed by two opposite slopes. The meeting line of the rays is called axis of a ridge or dividing line... The descending parts of the backbone line are called passes.

4. Hollow- a depression extended in one direction; the shape is opposite to the ridge. In the hollow, they distinguish: two slopes and a thalweg, or a water-connecting line, which often serves as a bed of a stream or river.

A large wide ravine, with a little sloping thalweg, is called valley; a narrow hollow with steep slopes, rapidly descending, and a thalweg cutting through the ridge, is called gorge or ravine... If it is located in a plain, then it is called ravine... A small hollow with almost sheer slopes is called beam, gully or gully.

5. Saddle- the meeting place of two or more opposite heights, or opposite hollows.

6. Ledge or terrace- an almost horizontal platform on the slope of a ridge or mountain.

The top of the mountain, the bottom of the basin, the lowest point of the saddle are characteristic points of relief.

Watershed and thalweg represent feature lines of relief.

Currently, for large-scale plans, only two ways of depicting the relief are accepted: the signature of the marks and the drawing of contour lines.

Horizontal a closed curved terrain line is called, all points of which have the same height above sea level or above a conventional level surface.

The horizontals are formed as follows (Fig. 27). Let the elevation be washed by the sea surface with an elevation equal to zero. The curve formed by the intersection of the water surface with the hill will be a horizontal line with an elevation equal to zero. If we mentally dissect the mountain, for example, with two level surfaces with a distance of h = 10 m between them, then the traces of the section of the hill by these surfaces will give horizontal lines with marks of 10 and 20 m. in the horizontals.

Rice. 27. The image of the relief by horizontals

On the plan, in the horizontals, the hills and depressions have the same appearance. To distinguish an elevation from a depression, short strokes are placed in the direction of lowering the slope perpendicular to the horizontal lines - the slope indicators. These strokes are called bergstriked... Lowering and raising the terrain can be set and the labels of the elevations of the contour lines on the plan. The representation of the main landforms is shown in Figure 28.

In cases where the elements of the slope are not reflected by the section of the main contour lines, semi-horizontals and quarter-horizontals are drawn on the plan at the height of half and a quarter of the main section.

For example, the ledge and base of a hill slope are not reflected by the main contours. The drawn semi-horizontal reflects the protrusion, and the quarter-horizontal reflects the bottom of the ramp.

Rice. 28. Representation of the main landforms by horizontals

The main contours are drawn with brown ink with thin solid lines, semi-horizontal - broken lines quarter horizontal - short dash-dotted line (Fig. 27). For greater clarity and convenience of counting, some horizontal lines are thickened. With a section height of 0.5 and 1 m, each horizontal is thickened, a multiple of 5 m (5, 10, 115, 120 m, etc.), when the relief is cut through 2.5 m - horizontals, multiples of 10 m (10, 20 , 100 m, etc.), with a cross section of 5 m, the horizontal lines are thickened in multiples of 25 m.

To determine the height of the relief in the breaks of thickened and some other contours, their marks are signed. In this case, the bases of the digits of the marks of the contour lines are set in the direction of lowering the slope.

Any card has its own special language - special symbols. Geography studies all these designations, classifies them, and also develops new symbols to designate certain objects, phenomena and processes. To have a general understanding of conventional cartographic signs is useful to absolutely everyone. Such knowledge is not only interesting in itself, but will certainly be useful to you in real life.

This article is devoted to conventional symbols in geography, which are used in the preparation of topographic, contour, thematic maps and large-scale plans of the area.

ABC cards

Just as our speech consists of letters, words and sentences, so any card includes a set of certain designations. With their help, topographers transfer this or that area onto paper. Geographic symbols are a system of special graphic symbols used to designate specific objects, their properties and characteristics. This is a kind of "language" of the map, created artificially.

It is rather difficult to say when exactly the very first geographical maps appeared. On all continents of the planet, archaeologists find ancient primitive drawings on stones, bones or wood, created by primitive people. So they portrayed the area in which they had to live, hunt and defend themselves from enemies.

Modern conventional signs on geographic maps display all the most important elements of the terrain: landforms, rivers and lakes, fields and forests, settlements, communication routes, country borders, etc. The larger the scale of the image, the more objects can be mapped ... For example, a detailed site plan usually shows all wells and drinking water sources. At the same time, it would be stupid and inappropriate to mark such objects on the map of a region or country.

A bit of history or how the legend of geographical maps has changed

Geography is a science that is unusually closely related to history. Let's delve into it and we to find out what cartographic images looked like many centuries ago.

So, for old medieval maps, artistic transmission of the area with the wide use of drawings as conventional signs was characteristic. Geography at that time was just beginning to develop as a scientific discipline, therefore, when compiling cartographic images, the scale and outlines (boundaries) of areal objects were often distorted.

On the other hand, all the drawings in the old drawings and portolans were individual and completely understandable. But nowadays you have to connect memory in order to learn what these or those conventional signs on geographic maps mean.

From about the second half of the 18th century in European cartography, there was a tendency towards a gradual transition from individual perspective drawings to more specific plan symbols. In parallel with this, a need arose for a more accurate display of distances and areas on geographic maps.

Geography: and topographic maps

Topographic maps and plans of the area differ in rather large scales (from 1: 100000 and more). They are most often used in industry, agriculture, geological exploration, urban planning and tourism. Accordingly, the terrain on such maps should be displayed as detailed and detailed as possible.

For this, a special system of graphic symbols was developed. In geography, it is also often referred to as the "map legend." For ease of reading and ease of memorization, many of these signs resemble the real appearance of the terrain objects depicted by them (from above or from the side). This system of cartographic designations is standardized and mandatory for all enterprises that produce large-scale topographic maps.

The topic "Symbols" is studied in the school course of geography in the 6th grade. To check the level of mastery of a given topic, students are often asked to write a short topographical story. Each of you probably wrote a similar "essay" in school. Sentences with conventional signs in geography look something like the photo below:

All conventions in cartography are usually divided into four groups:

• large-scale (areal or contour);
• off-scale;
• linear;
• explanatory.

Let's consider in more detail each of these groups of signs.

Scale marks and their examples

In cartography, scale marks are those signs that are used to fill in any areal objects. It can be a field, forest or orchard. With the help of these conventional signs on the map, you can determine not only the type and location of a particular object, but also its real dimensions.

The boundaries of areal objects on topographic maps and plans of the area can be depicted as solid lines (black, blue, brown or pink), dotted or simple dotted lines. Examples of large-scale cartographic signs are shown below in the figure:

Out-of-scale signs

If the terrain object cannot be depicted in the real scale of a plan or map, then in this case, off-scale conventional symbols are used. We are talking about too small, maybe, for example, a windmill, a sculptural monument, an outlier rock, a spring or a well.

The exact location of such an object on the ground is determined by the main point of the symbol. For symmetrical signs, this point is located in the center of the figure, for signs with a wide base - in the middle of the base, and for signs based on a right angle - at the apex of such an angle.

It should be noted that objects, expressed on maps with out-of-scale conventional symbols, serve as excellent landmarks on the ground. Examples of off-scale cartographic signs are shown in the figure below:

Linear signs

Sometimes the so-called linear cartographic signs are also distinguished into a separate group. It is easy to guess that they are used to designate linearly extended objects on plans and maps - roads, boundaries of administrative units, railways, fords, etc. An interesting feature of linear symbols: their length always corresponds to the scale of the map, but the width is significantly exaggerated.

Examples of linear cartographic signs are shown in the figure below.

Explanatory signs

Perhaps the most informative is the group of explanatory symbols. With their help, indicate additional characteristics of the depicted terrain objects. For example, a blue arrow in a river bed indicates the direction of its flow, and the number of cross-strokes on a railroad symbol corresponds to the number of tracks.

On maps and plans, as a rule, the names of cities, towns, villages, mountain peaks, rivers and other geographical objects are signed. Explanatory symbols can be numeric or alphabetic. Letter designations are most often given in an abbreviated form (for example, a ferry crossing is indicated by the abbreviation "par.").

Legend for contour and thematic maps

A contour map is a special kind of geographic map designed for educational purposes. It contains only a coordinate grid and some elements of the geographic base.

The set of conventional symbols for contour maps in geography is not very wide. The very name of these maps is quite eloquent: for their compilation, only outline designations of the boundaries of certain objects - countries, regions and regions - are used. Sometimes rivers and large cities are also plotted on them (in the form of dots). By and large, a contour map is a "dumb" map, which is just intended to fill its surface with certain conventional signs.

Thematic maps are most often found in geography atlases. Symbols of such maps are extremely varied. They can be depicted in the form of a color background, areas or so-called isolines. Diagrams and cartograms are often used. In general, each type of thematic map has its own set of specific symbols.

on a topographic map.

1. Multiple buildings.
2. Destroyed buildings.
3. Single building.
4. The destroyed building.
5. Working mines.
6. Closed mines.
7. Industrial enterprise (plant, factory).
8. Factory pipe.
9. Power plant.
10. Warehouse for fuels and lubricants.
11. The tower is either stone or metal.
12. Tower of light construction (from the corners).
13. Television and radio towers.
14. Distribution transformer.
15. Center for television or radio broadcasting.
16. Aircraft runway (airfield).
17. Housing of the forester.
18. Geodetic point.
19. Railroad.
20. Stone or brick fence (fence).
21. Spring.
22. Well of water (crane).
23. Wind well.
24. An ordinary well, log house.
25. Muslim cemetery.
26. The main locations of the sites of chums and yurts.
27. Electric wires on wooden poles.
28. Electric wires on concrete poles.
29. Motors powered by wind (power plants).
30. Windmills.
31. Large-scale peat extraction.
32. Water mill.
33. Gas station.
34. Meteorological point.
35. Chapel.
36. Church (temple, cathedral).
37. Large cemetery.
38. Small cemetery.
39. Monuments, obelisks, memorials and monuments.
40. Beekeeping apiary.

41. Forest. The numbers in the numerators - the height, in the denominators - the girth of the trunk, the number next to it - the distance between the trees. Ahead of the fractions, they can write which forest: birch, maple, oak, or mixed.
42. Coniferous forest.
43. Forest cut down.
44. Rare forest.
45. Sprouts of bushes.
46. ​​The salt marshes are not passable.
47. Passable salt marshes.
48. Impenetrable swamps with vegetation. If there are three lines (as in the picture) - moss. If two dashes are grass. Reeds or reeds are depicted by a bush.
49. Fruit garden.
50. Dry or burnt forest.
51. Reed or reed.
52. Forest felled by a storm (hurricane, tornado).
53. High herbage.
54. Meadow vegetation, less than one meter in height.
55. Young trees.

56. Ravines and pits.

57. Mounds.

58. The height is absolute.

59. Stones.

60. Cave.

61. Indication of a ford on the river. The first digit in the denominator is the depth, the second is the length. In the numerator, the first is the type of soil (T - solid), the second is the speed of the river.

62. Waste heaps.

63. Calcining of lime.

Symbols of topographic maps

Tikhonova L.Ya. Geography teacher MBOU "Lyceum No. 3", Prokhladny, KBR

Do you know the conventional signs?

Read the letter

Hello mother!

We went camping. We went out early in the morning

out, let's go up to,

turned west along and approached

. To our right was,

... Then, past along

by we returned to.

There lived a glorious hero Alyosha Popovich in Russia,

and he only knew how to lie on the stove, but with Tugarin

We will fight with the serpent. He once went gold

to release the folk from the clutches of the Tugarin.

His path lay through birch forest , past the rotten

swamps through which path was. Stopped in

Alyosha is in the thicket of the forest and sees a picturesque Lake ,

and next to him forester's house ... He asks the forester

how to get him to river where is the Tugarin army

settled down. And the old man answers him, the path is far

you have to. First you will go along dirt road ,

turn into Pine forest ... There you will see to well ,

boldly go from him to the spring , by the spring

there is deep ravine , cross it and see meadow ,

standing on that meadow lonely tree .

When you approach him, Tugarin himself will appear.

Record the story with conventional symbols

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Determine the direction

Measure the distance using the scale shown in Fig. 39

in 1 cm 100 m

• Determine the scope of the plan.
• Measure the distance from the birch to the shed with a ruler.
• Calculate the distance using the scale.
• Determine the distance from the birch to the point 162.3 m; to the lake; to the wooden bridge.

0.9 cm

0.9 cm x 100 m = 90 m

Draw a plan of the area

An observer stands in the middle of the area in the meadow. He sees:

• North, 300 m, school
• East, 250 m, bushes
• On the north-west, 400 m, orchard
• To the south, 150 m, lake, the eastern shore is swampy
• South-west, 200 m, bush
• On the northeast, 450 m, mixed forest
• At h, 200 m, woodland
• Southeast, 100 m, well

M: 1cm 100m

A single point plan is called polar

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Draw a route plan of the area (M 1: 10000m)

The guys went from school (vol. 1) on an excursion (the school is located in the northwestern area)

vol. 1 → vol. 2 - on v. 800 m along the path through the orchard,

vol. 2 - a well on the bank of the river. Belka, the river flows from the south. US.

point 2 → point 3 - 500 m upstream of the river along a path through the bushes,

vol. 3 - spring,

v. 3 → v. 4 - on the north-west. along a dirt road through the field 400 m.

point 4 - a windmill, to the south of point 4 we saw a lake, the eastern shore of which is swampy,

v. 4 → v. 5 - to the south-west. 400 m along the path through the meadow to the birch (point 5),

v. 5 → v. 1 - on a dirt road through woodlands we returned to school

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Draw a sign

Draw a sign

windmill

Draw a sign

Draw a sign

rare forest

Draw a sign

freestanding tree