The Olympic Games are an introduction to paganism. The history of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece Olympia - the cradle of sports

The name of the games comes from the city of Olympia. The source of the origin of the tradition of holding them is not exactly established. There are several theories, some of them related to the legends and myths of ancient Greece. One of the legends tells about the youth Pelops, his love for the beautiful Hypodamia and her cruel father, King Enomai. Having cunningly defeated Oenomaus in an equestrian competition, Pelops celebrated his victory with a sports festival in Olympia. Another legend says that Zeus arranged competitions in honor of his victory over his father, Kronos. The name of the famous Heracles is also mentioned in connection with the Olympic Games.

The origin of games has historical confirmation. In 884 BC. e. Ifit, the king of the small Greek state of Elis, fearing an invasion of his small country, proposes that Elis become a neutral state. And the athletic games, held in Olympia once every four years, were supposed to become a symbol of peace.

In ancient Greece, the games were not only sports, but also religious, cultural, and spectacular events. For the duration of the games, a sacred truce was declared: any hostilities ceased.

Olympionik, the winner of the games, was crowned with an olive wreath and a palm branch - a symbol of selfless sports struggle. Also, the winner received economic and political privileges in his homeland.

On the first day of the Olympic Games, sacrifices were made to the gods, the athletes took an oath in front of the statue of Zeus. Interestingly, at the very beginning, women were forbidden not only to participate, but also to watch competitions. There were special games for women dedicated to the goddess Hera. The games had a pronounced religious background. That is why the emperor of the Roman Empire Theodosius I banned the games in 394 as a manifestation of a pagan cult. After all, at that time Christianity had already become the universally recognized religion of the empire.

At the end of the 19th century, the French public figure Pierre de Coubertin proposed to restore the tradition of holding the Olympic Games, which had not been held for more than 14 centuries. And in 1896, a significant event took place in Athens - the Olympic Games.

A lot of time has passed since then, a lot has changed. In August 2008, the Summer Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. We will see the symbol of the games - five multi-colored rings, a burning Olympic flame. Athletes from many countries, different nationalities and religions will come together to take part in truly “the most peaceful and friendly gathering of all the peoples of the world”, because according to the Olympic Charter they “unite amateur athletes of all countries in fair and equal competitions. No discrimination is allowed against countries or individuals on racial, religious or political grounds.”

Origin of the Olympic Games

The Olympic Games, also called the "Games of the Olympiad", are the largest and oldest international sports competitions, held every four years. Their history begins in Antiquity. In ancient Greece, sports competitions were a great holiday about the origin of which legends and myths have come down to us. The most ancient legend is mentioned in the work of the ancient Greek poet Ovid "Metamorphoses" and tells about the chariot competitions that King Enomai arranged, promising to marry his beautiful daughter to someone who could overtake him. Many youths laid down their lives in these competitions, until the cruel king was defeated by cunning, in love with his daughter, Pelops. According to legend, in honor of his victory, he introduced a new holiday.

The main idea of ​​the competition was a truce, which was announced for the duration of the Games. It is not known exactly when this tradition began, the first document talking about it dates back to 776 BC. but it started much earlier.

Almost twelve centuries after the first documentary mention of the Games, they were banned for religious reasons by the Roman emperor Theodosius I. Their revival took place many years later, at the end of the 19th century.

Initially, the idea to revive the Olympic Games appeared after in 1766, sports facilities were discovered at archaeological excavations. Antique culture seemed to European society an interesting, beautiful world, some of the details of which would be excellent to restore, so German archaeologists continued excavations a century later.

The French public figure, Baron Pierre de Courbetin became interested in the Olympic Games for two reasons. Due to the fact that, in his opinion, the reason for the loss in the Franco-Prussian war was the poor physical preparation of the French soldiers, and also because of the grief about the low interest of young people in international relations.

At the international congress at the Sorbonne, which lasted several days, his ideas were "received with a bang" and it was decided that the first modern Olympic Games would be held in Greece, the birthplace of this tradition. To organize the competition, a committee was created, which today has become one of the most respectful organizations, whose corporate website is visited daily by thousands of users from all over the world - the International Olympic Committee.

The first modern Olympic Games were successful despite the small number of participants - only 14 countries, represented by 241 athletes. Greek representatives even offered to host all subsequent Olympic Games there, but the decision of the IOC was to change the venue every four years.

There are many ambiguities about the origin of the ancient Olympic Games. But it is unambiguously known that the birthplace of the Olympic Games is Ancient Greece, and more specifically the sanctuary of Olympia, which is located in the west of the Peloponnesian Peninsula. Here in the valley of the Alpheus River, at the very foot of Mount Kronos, the fire of the modern Olympic Games is still lit. This is where it all started...

Many legends and myths about the origin of the Olympic Games have come down to us, the characters of which were gods and heroes.

• Legend one. When the mighty Zeus the Thunderer defeated his father Kronos in a deadly fight, who devoured his own children and was absolutely merciless. Zeus freed them and ordered in honor of this event to hold the games, which were called the Olympic.

• Legend two. This legend says that the Olympic Games were invented and organized by the son of Zeus - Hercules, who performed twelve legendary labors. In honor of one of these feats, the Olympic Games began to be held.

A very interesting detail of this legend is known. It lies in the fact that Hercules measured with his own feet the distance for running, which was 600 feet. This is how a common measure of length appeared in Greece, which was called "stages". From this name the word "stadium" known today has arisen. If we translate this measure of measurement into modern units, it turns out that the distance for running was 192 meters and 27 centimeters.

Legend has it that for a long time, athletes only determined winners in this type of competition, until Hercules introduced other disciplines. One of them is pankration, a rather severe sport that combines fisticuffs and wrestling.

• Legend three. This legend tells that the Olympic Games were established in honor of the victory in horse-drawn chariot competitions of Pelops, the grandson of the great Zeus the Thunderer, over the king of the city of Pisa Enomai. In gratitude for the victory, Pelops erected a sanctuary in Olympia. There he made sacrifices. And also, most importantly, he established the Olympic Games.

Legend has it that thanks to Pelops, the Olympic Games became traditional and were held every four years. During the Olympic Games, a general peace was concluded throughout the territory of Ancient Elada. Violator of this sacred truce, was waiting for the most severe punishment.

The Olympic Games were held for about 1100 years until they were banned by Emperor Theodosius m for religious reasons in 394 AD. Their revival began only in 1892.

On June 23, 1894, the International Congress of Amateur Athletes made an important decision: to revive the Olympic Games and establish the International Olympic Committee, which will be responsible for the management, organization and conduct of the modern Games. And in April 1896, the long-awaited Olympics were held in Athens, in which 311 athletes from 13 countries took part. Athens fully revived the true spirit of the Olympics and long-lost Olympic values. The revived Olympic Games brought back to Greece the once broken thread and reconnected it with the classical tradition and the Olympic origins of antiquity.

Sources: www.saptz.ru, olympichistory.info, sportbox.by, www.junior.ru, nsportal.ru

Slide 1. "Ancient Greece - the birthplace of the Olympics."
Mountains and water, this is what surrounded the ancient Greek. Existence in such conditions requires from a person endurance, courage and quick response to changing conditions. The physical training of the male population ensured the strength and security of the policy itself, since it guaranteed good training and endurance of the members of the military militia. Perhaps that is why the Greeks were one of the first nations to have exercise and sports as part of their daily lives. And another important discovery was made by the Greeks: sport can reconcile enemies. It is with this noble goal that the Olympic Games were conceived.

Slide 2. Why the Olympic Games? Olympus or Olympia.
The Olympic holiday got its name from the area in which it took place. The center of the Olympic world of antiquity was the sacred district of Zeus in Olympia - a grove along the Alpheus River, not far from the Kladei stream that flows into it. Subsequently, near the sacred Olympia, the town of the same name grew up. In this beautiful town, almost three hundred times traditional all-Greek competitions were held in honor of the thunder god Zeus. (Additional information Appendix No. 1 Olympia - the cradle of sports.)

Slide 3. "Who invented the Olympic Games?"
Some modern researchers argue that the Olympic Games were held in honor of the harvest festival. Therefore, the winners were awarded with a wreath. The time of the Games - August-September, as it were, confirms this version. But ... There are many myths about the origin of the Olympic Games. Gods, mythical heroes, kings and rulers are considered their most honorable ancestors.

Ancient Greek legends associate the emergence of games with the names of the mythical heroes Hercules and Pelops. Later legends point to the conclusion between Ifit and Lycurgus - the rulers of the Greek states of Elis and Sparta - an agreement on the regular holding of pan-Greek holidays of friendship in Olympia.

Slide 4. "Version I. Hercules."
According to mythology, the founder of the Games was the greatest hero of antiquity, Hercules, who established the competition of athletes after successfully clearing the stables of the Elidian king Avgii from a 30-year layer of manure. (Additional information Appendix No. 1 VI feat of Hercules).

Slide 5. “Version II. Pelops."
According to another legend, Pelops was considered the founder of the Games. He won the chariot races of the cruel king of the city of Pisa Oenomaus: he won the hand and heart of his beautiful daughter Hippodamia and, to celebrate, established sports competitions. (Additional information Appendix No. 1 The myth of the competition between Pelops and Oenomai).

Slide 6. “Version III. Elis + Sparta.
If we move from the fairy-tale world to the real one, then the agreement between the Elidian king Ifit and the famous Spartan legislator Lycurgus is known, who at the end of the 9th century BC. e. agreed to establish the Olympic Games. (Additional information Appendix No. 1 Agreement between King Ifit and legislator Lycurgus.)

Slide 7. "Olympia is the venue for the Olympic Games."
“Good news! All to Olympia! The sacred world is declared, the roads are safe! May the strongest win!" These words were carried by thousands of messengers to all the cities of Ancient Greece in the year of the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games became a nationwide event that united the whole of Greece, while before them Greece was a lot of states at war with each other.

Slide 8. "Historical fact".
Whatever the myths say, we have to trust the historians who claim that the Olympic Games originated in 776 BC. in Ancient Greece. (Please remember this year, this knowledge will be useful to us later).

Slide 9. "Olympics = 4 years."
From the Olympic Games 776 BC the Greeks were counting a special "Olympic chronology" introduced by the historian Timaeus. The Olympic holiday was celebrated "between the harvest and the grape harvest." It was to be repeated every four years that made up the Olympiad - the Greek "Olympic" year. Therefore, the Olympics is a period of four consecutive calendar years. The name of the Olympionist was called the four-year period between the year of his victory and the subsequent Olympic holiday.

Thus a custom was established in Greece, according to which, once every four years, the Greeks put aside their weapons and went to Olympia to admire the harmoniously developed athletes and praise the gods.

Slide 10. “Everyone is visiting us!”
Most of the states of Hellas sent sacred ambassadors to participate in these holidays. The mass of the public gathered not only out of curiosity and thirst for spectacles, but also for commercial purposes, since here, thanks to the confluence of people, there was a very lively trade in all kinds of goods. Orators, poets and philosophers came here to publicly read their works. Artists paraded their works, states promulgated and exhibited to the public treaties and other important letters. In a word, the Olympic Games served as a very important unifying event for the Hellenes, forcing them to forget, at least for a while, all the strife from which the Hellenes suffered.

Slide 11. "5 days."
The first games were held at the end of June and lasted only one day. Over time, the Olympics went on for five days. Participants arrived a month before the opening of the holiday and began training under the supervision of judges, who allowed only the strongest to compete. The sacrifice to Zeus was made on the first day of the holiday. From the second day, competitions began, first for boys, and then for adults. The 5th day ended with sacrifices and was dedicated to the solemn awards ceremony.

Slide 12. "Appearance."
Competitors at first had a belt around their hips, but since the 15th Olympiad it has become customary to compete naked. The naked body was not considered something shameful - on the contrary, it showed how hard the athlete trained. It was shameful to have an unsportsmanlike, untrained body.

The word "gymnastics" comes from the ancient Greek "gymos", meaning "naked".

Slide 13. "The chef is the first champion."
The first, known by name, Olympic champion was the cook Koreb or Koroib from the ancient Greek city of Elis. It is not known what kind of culinary specialist he was, but he ran great, which he proved at the stadium of the holy city of Olympia in 776 BC. e.

It was “the first year of the first Olympiad”, from which the chronology of the ancient world began, and which forever became the year of the name of the first Olympian, the winner, who outstripped everyone in the 192-meter distance.

Slide 14. "Olympic Zeus".
The Olympic Games, held for 300 years in honor of the god Zeus, were very popular among the people. Despite this, there was no main temple of Zeus in Greece, and only in 470 BC. began to collect donations for its construction. The construction of the temple took about 10 years. The Greeks decided to invite the famous Athenian sculptor Phidias to create a statue of Zeus.

The twelve-meter statue of Zeus was made in gold and ivory - and became one of the seven wonders of the world. It is not surprising that the temple, which contained such a treasure, was a source of glory and pride for all Hellenes, and that one who did not see the Olympian god was considered unfortunate! (Additional information Appendix No. 1 Statue of Olympian Zeus).

Slide 15. "Olympic competitions".
The only competition for several Olympics was stage running. In the 14th Olympiad (724 BC), a double run was introduced, and in the 15th Olympiad, a long run. , in the 23rd (688) - fisticuffs and from the 33rd Olympiad (648) - pankration. In the 65th Olympiad (520), running in armor was introduced (in a helmet and with a shield on the hand, later only with a shield). (Additional information Appendix No. 1 Program of the Olympic competitions.)

Slide 16. "Instead of medals - an olive branch."
According to tradition, the winner of the games in Olympia was proclaimed immediately after the end of the competition in the stadium or hippodrome. The award ceremony was held on the last day of the Olympic celebration. The herald loudly announced the name of the winner, the name of his father and the name of the city where he came from. Ancient champion athletes were awarded: olive wreaths, olive oil in amphorae.

Each champion became a national hero throughout Greece. In their homeland, olympionists were exempted from all state duties and enjoyed places of honor in the theater and at all festivities. All his life he was the center of attention and enjoyed the invariable respect of his compatriots.

Slide 17. "The Olympic Games are a men's holiday."
Only men had the right to speak at the Games and watch the competitions. Only one woman could be present among the audience - the priestess of the goddess of fertility Demeter. If a woman was found in the stadium, she was legally to be thrown into the abyss.

The right to participate in the Olympics was the privilege of every free Greek. Foreigners and slaves were not allowed to compete, but they were allowed to be present at the stadium as spectators (additional information).

Slides 18-19. "Ancient Olympic Games contributed to:"
The Olympic Games were the unifying center of the entire Hellenic world. The Olympic Games were especially revered by the Greeks from distant places, whom they helped to maintain contact with the metropolis. The Greek states during the Olympic holidays announced the conclusion of important treaties. For the period of the Games, all countries stopped wars, harmony reigned on earth.

The struggle for the title of the best was fought by worthy people and only in a fair fight. Through personal achievements, they achieved the prosperity of their country. And until now, the more strong, smart, successful, able to realize themselves, young people in the country, the stronger, more majestic and powerful the state becomes.

Slide 20. "Olympia has hosted the Greek Olympic Games for over 11 centuries."

• For more than 11 centuries, the Greek Olympic Games have been held in Olympia. In 394, the Olympic Games, 293 in a row, were banned as a pagan festival by a decree of the Roman emperor Theodosius I the Great.
• Now Olympia is a typical provincial town, living on income from tourism. Everything is absolutely Olympic in it: the names of streets and hotels, dishes in taverns, souvenirs in numerous shops. The sights of the city are the archaeological and Olympic museums.

At the end of the 19th century, the Olympic Games were revived on the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) (French teacher, organizer of the Olympic movement, ideologist of the modern Olympic Games) and became the most popular international sports festival of our time.

Annex 1. Myths and legends associated with the emergence of the Olympic Games.

VI feat of Hercules.

Perhaps the most popular in antiquity was the legend that Pindar mentions in his songs in honor of the winners of the Olympic Games. According to this legend, the Games were founded by Hercules after completing his sixth feat - cleansing the barnyard of Avgius, king of Elis. Augeas possessed incalculable riches. His herds were especially numerous. Heracles suggested that Augeas cleanse his entire vast courtyard in one day if he agreed to give him a tenth of his herds. Augeas agreed, believing that it was simply impossible to complete such work in one day. Hercules broke the wall that surrounded the barnyard from two opposite sides, and diverted the water of the Alpheus River into it. Water in one day carried away all the manure from the barnyard, and Hercules again laid down the walls. When Hercules came to Avgiy to demand a reward, the king did not give him anything, and even kicked him out.

Hercules took revenge on the king of Elis. With a large army, he invaded Elis, defeated Augeas in a bloody battle and killed him with a deadly arrow. After the victory, Hercules made sacrifices to the Olympic gods and established the Olympic Games, which have been held since then every four years on the sacred plain, planted by Hercules himself with olives dedicated to the goddess Pallas Athena.

The myth of the contest between Pelops and Oenomaus.

One of the oldest is the legend of Pelops, which is mentioned by the ancient Roman poet Ovid in his Metamorphoses and the ancient Greek poet Pindar. Pelops, the son of Tantalus, is told in this legend, after the king of Troy, Il, conquered his hometown of Sipil, left his homeland, and went to the shores of Greece. Once Pelops saw the beautiful Hypodamia, the daughter of Enomai. Pelops fell in love with the beautiful daughter of Enomai and decided to ask the king for her hand.

But it turned out to be not so easy. The fact is that the oracle predicted Enomai's death at the hands of his daughter's husband. To prevent such a fate, Enomai decided not to marry his daughter at all. But how to do that? How to refuse all applicants for the hand of Hypodamia? Many worthy suitors wooed the beautiful princess. Enomai could not refuse everyone for no reason and came up with a cruel condition: he would give Hypodamia as a wife only to the one who defeated him in a chariot contest, but if he turned out to be the winner, then the vanquished must pay with his life. Enomai had no equal in the whole of Greece in the art of driving a chariot, and his horses were faster than the wind.

One after another, young people came to the palace of Enomai, who were not afraid to lose their lives, if only to get the beautiful Hypodamia as a wife. And Enomai killed all of them, and so that it would be discourteous for others to come to woo, he nailed the heads of the dead to the doors of the palace. But this did not stop Pelops. He decided to outsmart the cruel ruler of Pisa. Pelops secretly agreed with the charioteer of Oenomaus Myrtilus that he would not insert a pin holding the wheel on the axle.

Before the start of the competition, Enomai, confident, as always, in success, suggested that Pelops start the race alone. The groom's chariot takes off, and Enomai slowly sacrifices to the great Thunderer Zeus, and only after that he rushes after him.

The chariot of Oenomaus has already reached Pelops, the son of Tantalus already feels the hot breath of the horses of King Pisa, he turns around and sees how the king swings his spear with a triumphant laugh. But at that moment, the wheels from the axles of the chariot of Oenomaus jump off, the chariot overturns, and the cruel king falls dead to the ground.

Pelops returned in triumph to Pisa, took the beautiful Hippodamia as his wife, took possession of the whole kingdom of Oenomai, and in honor of his victory arranged a sports festival in Olympia, which he decided to repeat every four years.

Treaty between the Elidian king Ifit and the famous Spartan legislator Lycurgus.

A legend has a certain historical authenticity, according to which the ruler of Elis, Ifit, tired of constant civil strife and strife, turned to the Delphic oracle with the question of how to stop them. And I got the answer: to resume the forgotten Olympic Games. Ifit proposed to the king of warlike Sparta, Lycurgus, to establish competitions during which a sacred truce would be established - ekeyheria. Under the terms of the concluded agreement, a large fine was imposed for violating the truce and, what was even worse, the perpetrators were deprived of the right to participate in the Olympic Games.

The reality of this fact is confirmed by the ancient Greek historian Pausanias, who wrote that back in the 2nd century. AD a copper disc, on which the truce was inscribed, concluded between Ifit and Lycurgus, was kept in one of the temples of Olympia.

The details of this legend are interesting: according to the assumptions of scientists, Ifit and Lycurgus lived around the 9th century. BC, i.e., earlier than the official dates for the establishment of the Olympic Games. But they just resumed the games. So, competitions in Olympia were held before? It must be assumed that long before the Olympic Games, ritual competitions were held in the Alfea Valley in honor of the initiation of young men into warriors. But they were local. Ifit and Lycurgus gave them national importance. History needs a reliable starting point. Such a point was the first monument erected in Olympia to the winner of the competition. Therefore, 776 BC, when Koreb from Elis outstripped all rivals in the race by one stage, is officially considered the year the Olympic Games began.

Olympia is the cradle of sports.

Olympia was located in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese, 20 km from the Ionian Sea, 275 km from Athens and 127 km from Sparta. On the south side, it was washed by the river Alpheus, on the west - by the river Kladei, and on the north was Mount Kronos. In the east, a lowland stretched, flooded with the waters of Alpheus during the flood. The choice for the Olympic stadium near Mount Kronos is explained by the fact that the slopes served as a natural platform for spectators, which housed 40 thousand people.

On the territory of Olympia there were: a hippodrome (730-336 m) where horse races were held; an Olympic stadium with seats for 50 thousand spectators and an arena of approximately 213x29 m; a gymnasium, a courtyard surrounded by a colonnade, with paths for running, platforms for throwing, wrestling, for various exercises, ball games, rooms for hygiene procedures, baths, etc .; living quarters for the participants of the Olympic Games adjoined the gymnasium.

Mount Kronos, the mound of Pelops, the altars of Zeus and Gaia, Hercules and Hippodamia were considered holy places. Then, there were temples of Zeus, Hera. In honor of the Games in Olympia, many beautiful statues, altars, and temples were built. The most famous temple was Olympium, which contained a large statue of Zeus, over 12 m high, made of ivory and gold.

Olympic competition program.

The oldest competition, at least in Olympia, was running at the stage, but gradually, starting from the 7th century. BC, various other types of competitions were added, the diversity of which was the result of a stricter division of the competitors by age (into children, beardless, husbands, etc.), the introduction of various changes and combinations in the competitions themselves, the assumption of different types of running on chariots, etc. Then, in addition to gymnastic and equestrian competitions, musical, poetic, etc. were introduced, so that this part of the holiday gained more and more development and brilliance, and began to attract participants and spectators, not only from Hellas proper, but also from Asia Minor, Sicilian and South Italian colonies.

Statue of Olympian Zeus.

The main shrine of Olympia is a majestic temple with a statue of the Supreme God Zeus, which was created by one of the brilliant sculptors of Greece - Phidias. This statue was rightfully considered one of the seven wonders of the Ancient World. Inside the temple was a colonnade that supported a gallery from which one could look at the colossal statue of Zeus, the magnificent creation of the famous Phidias. God was presented in the majestic and powerful form in which he is depicted in the Iliad (I, 528 f.). He sat on a throne of cedar wood, lined with ebony, and richly adorned with gold, ivory, and precious stones. His face and bare arms, legs and chest were of ivory, hair and beard of pure gold, eyes of precious stones; a cloak decorated with images of animals and flowers was made of gold, falling from the left shoulder to the lower part of the body of the god, and shoes; on his right hand, the god held a statue of Victory made of ivory and gold, and in his left - a scepter, colored with various metals and decorated at the top with a golden eagle (for a description of the statue, see Pausanias, V, 11). The strength of the impression made by this statue, one of the greatest creations of Greek plastic art, is evidenced, among other things, by the following words of Dion Chrysostom (1st century A.D.): “Whoever stands in front of this image will forget about everything that upsets and destroys human life."

Woman at the Olympic Stadium.

Only men had the right to speak at the Games and watch the competitions. Only once this rule was violated - when a woman whose father, brother and husband were Olympic champions herself trained her son and, eager to see him as a champion, went with him to the Games. Coaches stood separately on the field, watching their wards. Our heroine changed into men's clothes and stood next to them, looking at her son with excitement. And now... he is declared the champion! Mother could not stand it and ran across the whole field to be the first to congratulate him. On the way, her clothes fell off her, and everyone saw that there was a woman in the stadium. The judges were in a difficult position. By law, the violator must be killed, but she is a daughter, sister and wife, and now also the mother of Olympic champions! She was spared.

Features of ancient Greek sports disciplines.

Greek gods and mythological heroes are involved in the emergence of not only the Olympic Games in general, but also their individual disciplines. For example, it was believed that Hercules himself introduced the run for one stage, personally measuring this distance in Olympia (1 stage was equal to the length of 600 feet of the priest of Zeus), and pankration goes back to the legendary fight between Theseus and the Minotaur.

Some of the disciplines of the ancient Olympic Games, familiar to us from modern competitions, differ markedly from their current counterparts. Greek athletes did not jump in length from a run, but from a place - moreover, with stones (later with dumbbells) in their hands. At the end of the jump, the athlete threw the stones sharply back: it was believed that this allows him to jump further. This jumping technique required good coordination.

Javelin and discus throwing (over time, instead of a stone one, athletes began to throw an iron disc) was carried out from a small elevation. At the same time, the spear was thrown not for distance, but for accuracy: the athlete had to hit a special target. In wrestling and boxing, there was no division of participants into weight categories, and a boxing match continued until one of the opponents recognized himself as defeated or was unable to continue the fight. There were also very peculiar varieties of running disciplines: running in full armor (i.e., in a helmet, with a shield and weapons), running of heralds and trumpeters, alternating running and chariot racing.

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Compiled by the librarian of the department of methodological work
Zelenchuk Victoria Illarionovna

Birth of the Olympic Games

The content of the article about the ancient Olympic Games in Greece:

1. Beginning of the Olympic Games
2. Participants of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece
3. Dawn of the Olympic Games
4. sunset of the olympic games

• The tradition of holding the Olympic Games has been revived today. The first Olympic Games of our time took place in the 19th century, and today they are considered the most prestigious world sports competitions.

Beginning of the Olympic Games

The first Olympic Games in ancient Greece

The very first Olympic Games in ancient Greece were held in 776 BC. All subsequent games were held once every four years. From that moment, the records of the winners of the games began and the order of their conduct was established. The Olympiad began every leap year, in the month of the ceremony, corresponding to the modern time interval from the end of June to the middle of July.

History has preserved a large number of versions in which the origin of the tradition of holding these sports is justified. Most of these versions have the appearance of legends, one way or another connected with the gods and heroes of Ancient Hellas. For example, the first place in the list is occupied by a legend according to which the king of Elis named Ifit went to Delphi, where he received a message from the priestess of Apollo. The people of Elis by this time were exhausted by the constant armed rivalry of the Greek policies, and therefore the gods ordered sports and athletic festivities to be arranged.

The participants of the Olympic Games lived on the outskirts of Altis, where a month before the opening of the competition they trained in palestra and gymnastics. This tradition has become the prototype of the Olympic village, which has a place in modern games. The expenses for the accommodation of athletes in Olympia, the preparation of competitions and various religious ceremonies, were borne either by the athletes themselves - participants in the games, or by the city from which they performed.

Dawn of the Olympic Games

There is a reliable historical fact that any hostilities ceased during the Olympic Games. This tradition was called ekeheria, according to which the warring parties were obliged to lay down their arms. It was also forbidden to carry out court cases, the execution of executions was postponed until later. Violators of the rule of ekeheria were punished with a fine.

Types of Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

Paramount, and apparently the most popular sport included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games, was running. There is even evidence that an ancient king named Endymion arranged a running competition among his sons, and as a reward the winner received a kingdom.
There were several types of running competitions. First of all, it was an analogue of the modern sprint, sprinting - in fact, from one end of the stadium to the other. The distance was 192 meters and was called the "Olympic stage". Athletes performed in these competitions completely naked. Distance running was the very first and only competition in the history of the Olympic Games and remained so until the thirteenth Olympiad. Starting from the fourteenth, the so-called "double run" was added to the competition. Athletes had to run from one end of the stadium to the other, then run around the post and return to the starting point. A long run was added to the program of the fifteenth Olympic Games in addition to the above running competitions. Initially, it included seven stages, but in subsequent years, the length of the distances changed. The runners ran the stage, ran around the pole, returned to the start, and turned back around the other pole.

In 520 BC, during the 65th Olympiad, another type of running competition appeared - “hoplite running”. Athletes ran two distances in full armor - they had a helmet, greaves and a shield. In later Olympics, only the shield was left among the weapons.
Also among the types of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were martial arts. It should be noted that the death of an athlete during the fights was not something special, and even a dead fighter could be appointed the winner.
Starting from the 18th Olympiad, wrestling was included in the program of the games. It was forbidden to strike, it was possible to fight only with the help of pushes. There were two main positions - standing and on the ground. In Greek, there were many names for various techniques.

Five Olympics later, fisticuffs appeared among martial arts. It was impossible to kick the enemy, to make grabs and trips. Hands were wrapped with special straps, making this type of competition one of the most dangerous. Sources that have survived to this day vividly describe the damage caused by such blows. The fighter who won without receiving a single blow from the enemy deserved special respect. If the wrestlers got tired, they were given a rest break. If there was no way to identify the winner, then a certain number of blows were assigned, which the opponents inflicted on each other in turn, while it was impossible to defend themselves. The one who voluntarily surrendered by raising his hand was considered the loser.
In 648 BC, during the 33rd Olympiad, the so-called "pankration" appeared. This type of martial arts included kicks and punches. It was allowed to use choking techniques, but it was impossible to gouge out the eyes and bite. At first it was a competition only for adult men, and then, starting from the 145th Olympiad, pankration was also introduced for young men.

Later, the pentathlon was added to the program of the games. In ancient Greece, this sport was called "pentathlon". From the name, you can guess that this type of sports consisted of five different sports - they began with a long jump, then there were one-distance running, discus throwing, and javelin throwing. The fifth sport was wrestling. To date, there is no exact information about how the winner was determined. It is believed that all participants were divided into pairs and competed with each other. As a result, there was one, the last pair. The long jump was distinguished by a special technique. Athletes jumped straight from the spot, without running up, and dumbbells were used to increase the distance of the jump.
Horse racing also took place among the Olympic competitions. It is noteworthy that women participate in them, since not riders were announced as the winner, but the owners of animals and chariots. Over the years of the existence of the Olympic Games, horse racing has changed. At first, these were quadriga races, then, starting from the 33rd Olympiad, horse racing was added to them. On the 93rd, chariot racing appeared, in which two horses were harnessed. Competitions were divided into two categories - young stallions competed in one, and adult horses competed in the other.

How the Olympic Games were held in ancient Greece

The start date of the event was set by a commission specially created for this, about which then special people, called spondophores, informed residents of other Greek states. Athletes came to Olympia a month before the start of the games, during which time they had to train under the guidance of experienced coaches.
The course of the competition was watched by judges - elladoniki. In addition to the judicial function, the duties of the Helladonics included the organization of the entire Olympic holiday.

Each athlete, before speaking to the people, had to prove to the judges that during the ten months before the start of the games, he was intensively preparing for the competition. The oath was taken near the statue of Zeus.
Initially, the duration of the Olympic Games was 5 days, but later it reached a month. The first and last day of the Games was devoted to religious rituals and ceremonies.
The public learned about the sequence of holding a certain type of competition with the help of a special sign. Those wishing to take part in it had to determine their order by drawing lots.

Olympic Games Winners in Ancient Greece

The winners of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were called Olympionists. They became famous throughout Greece, they were met with honor in their homeland, as athletes represented at the games not only themselves, but also the city-state from where they arrived. In the event of a three-time victory in the games, a bust was erected in Olympia in honor of such an athlete. The winner was rewarded with an olive wreath, and he also stood on a pedestal, the function of which was performed by a bronze tripod and took palm branches in his hands. Also, a small cash bonus was given as a reward, but he received the real benefits already upon returning home. At home, he received many different privileges.
One of the most famous Olympionists is Milo of Croton. He won his very first victory in wrestling in 540 BC, during the 60th Olympiad. Later, between 532 and 516, he won five times, and only at the age of 40 lost to a younger athlete, failing to receive Olympian status for the seventh time.

A wrestler named Sostratus, originally from Sicyon, won the pankration three times. His secret was that he broke the fingers of opponents, for which he received the nickname Finger.
There are cases when the winners were the dead participants. For example, Arichion from Philagea was strangled during a duel, but his opponent declared his defeat, as he could not endure the pain of a broken toe. To the applause of the audience, the corpse of Arichion was awarded the victor's olive wreath.
Artemidorus, who arrived from Thrall, is famous for having to compete in youth group competitions, but could not stand the insult of an adult pankration wrestler. After that, Artemidor moved to the adult group and became the champion.

Among the famous runners, the Rhodes athlete Leonid can be noted. Over the course of four Olympics, he became a leader in various running competitions.
Astil from Croton became the six-time Olympic champion. He is also famous for the fact that, in the first competitions, he represented Croton, and in the next two, another city - Syracuse. In retaliation, the inhabitants of Croton made a prison room out of his dwelling and destroyed the memorial statue.
There have been whole dynasties of winners in the history of the Olympic Games. For example, Poseidor's grandfather named Diagoras and his uncles also became champions - Olympians.

In addition, many well-known thinkers of antiquity in our time did not interfere with their mental activity from participating in various sports competitions. For example, the famous Pythagoras was not only strong in mathematics, but at one time was better known as a boxing champion, that is, fisticuffs, and the thinker Plato broke the foundations not only in philosophy, but also in the arena, becoming a champion in pankration.

sunset of the olympic games

In the second century BC. The Olympic Games began to lose their great significance, turning into local competitions. This is due to the conquest of ancient Greece by the Romans. The reasons for the loss of former popularity are considered by several factors. One of them is the professionalism of athletes, when the games became in fact a collection of victories from the Olympians. The Romans, under whose rule Greece was, perceived sports only as a spectacle, they were not interested in the competitive spirit of the Olympics.

Who Banned the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

The end of the thousand-year history of the Olympic Games was the result of a change in religion. They were closely intertwined with the Greek pagan gods, so their holding became impossible after the adoption of the Christian faith.
Researchers associate the ban on the Olympic Games with a certain Roman emperor, Theodosius. It is he who publishes in 393 AD. a code of laws prohibiting paganism, and the Olympic Games, in accordance with these new legislative acts, become completely prohibited. Only centuries later, in 1896, the tradition of holding the sports Olympic Games was revived.

According to undeniable signs, the appearance of the Olympic Games dates back to the 9th century BC. e. In those days, heavy wars ravaged the Greek states.

Ifit - the king of Elis, a small Greek state, on whose territory Olympia is located - goes to Delphi to consult with the oracle, how he, the king of a small country, can save his people from war and robbery. The Delphic oracle, whose predictions and advice were considered infallible, advised Ifit:

"I need you to found the Games Pleased by the Gods!"

Ifit immediately goes to meet his powerful neighbor - the king of Sparta

Lycurgus. Obviously, Ifit was a good diplomat, since Lycurgus decides that from now on Elis should be recognized as a neutral state. And all the small fragmented states, endlessly at war with each other, agree with this decision. Immediately Ifit, in order to prove his peace-loving aspirations and thank the gods, establishes "the athletic Games, which will be held in Olympia every four years." Hence their name - the Olympic Games. This happened in 884 BC. e.

Thus a custom was established in Greece, according to which, every four years, in the midst of internecine wars, everyone put their weapons aside and went to Olympia to admire the harmoniously developed athletes and praise the gods.

The Olympic Games became a national event that united the whole of Greece, while before and after them, Greece was a multitude of disparate, warring states.

Despite the apparent plausibility, this version is disputed. There are also completely different versions. For example, the following:

The idea of ​​holding the Olympics is lost in the darkness of centuries, because before the Games were held not only in Olympia. Although the competitions in this sacred place were the most popular and most famous. We can definitely say that the first authentically known Olympic Games took place in 776 BC. This year is considered to be the starting date. Even the name of the winner of those Games is known - Koroibos. The history of the Olympic movement begins with this name. But at the same time, there is evidence that the Olympics, which we are talking about now, was already the twenty-seventh in a row. So, the history of the Games is too ancient to know exactly its origins.

Only Greeks by origin could become Olympians, and only free people and only men. Competitions were unusually stubborn, and most importantly - honestly. The winners, Olympionics, were awarded with an olive branch or a laurel wreath. Immortal glory awaited them, not only in their hometown, but throughout the Greek world. In addition to Coroibos, the names of several other great champions have come down to us. For example, the almost legendary Milo from the city of Croton (that was a Greek colony in southern Italy). He was a student of the great Pythagoras, which in itself speaks volumes. At the Olympic Games, Milon won seven laurel wreaths, all in wrestling competitions. The family of a certain Diagoras from the island of Rhodes - himself, his sons, and then grandchildren, have been competing at the Olympic Games for more than eighty years! They took part in twenty Games! And they won nine laurel wreaths for their sunny island. Yet the most celebrated hero of the ancient Olympic competitions was Leonidas, also from Rhodes. This great athlete won twenty times in running competitions!

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From the history of the Games of Ancient Greece

1. Where exactly were the Games held in Ancient Greece? (On the Peloponnesian peninsula, in the city of Olympiae gu of the river Alpheus.)

2. In what types did the ancient Olympians compete? (Pentathlon; running, long jump, javelin and discus throwing, wrestling; fisticuffs;

as well as chariot races, a marathon race in full combat weapons, competitions of poets and musicians.)

3. A sacred truce was declared during the Olympic Games. Was it violated in Ancient Greece? (Yes. In 36 ton. e. arch-dians captured Olympia. The Greeks, angry, forbade them for a long time to participate in the Games.)

4. Which of the famous people of Ancient Greece took part in the Games? ("Father of Medicine" Hippocrates [I], philosophers Socrates and Plato[Z], playwrights Sophocles andEuripides [ 5], mathematician andphilosopher Pythagoras.)

5. At what time of the year and with what frequency were the Games held? (Every four years, between harvest and wine harvestabout hail.)

6. Who was allowed to the Olympic Games? (Greek men.) In Hellas they competed in the race for one stage. The distance, according to legend, was marked out for the runners by Hercules himself. How did he measure the distance? (With feet: a stadion is approximately 600 feet, or 92m 27cm.)

8. When did the first Olympic Games take place? (In 776 BC)

9. In whose honor were the Games held? (In honor of Zeus /8/)

10. The Olympian dynasty lived on the island of Rhodes. The head of the family, his sons and grandsons have competed at the Olympic Games for over 80 years, participated in 12 Games, won nine laurel wreaths for their island. Remember the name of the founder of the dynasty. (Diag.)

Questions of the second envelope

From the history of the modern Olympic Games.

1. Who came up with the proposal to revive the Olympic Games? (French public figureb baronPerde Coubertin .)

2. When and where were the first Olympic Games held modernityt and? (AT1 896 in Athens.)

3. In what year were the 1st Winter Olympic Games held? (In 1924., Chamonix, France.)

4. Remember the motto of the Olympic Games. ("Shsh, aM and5,/ogpi5^ - <&ы -faster, higher, stronger^.)

5. Which Games did not take place because of the world wars? (Sixth (1916), Twelfth (1940), Thirteenth (1944).)

6. In what year did Soviet athletes first take part in the Olympic Games? (In 1952., Helsinki, Finland, XV Olympic Games.)

7. When did women start participating in the Olympics? (1900., II Olympic Games.)

8. The XI Winter Olympic Games were held in Asia for the first time. When and where? (1972 vol., sapporo, Japan.)

9. When in honor of the victories of the Russians for the first time at the Olympic Games raised a tricolor banner? (1992., Barcelona, ​​Spain.)

10. Name the continent where the Olympic Games were held in 2000. (Australia.)Third Envelope Questions Outstanding Athletes

1. The first Russian Olympic champion, figure skater. (NikolaiBUT leksandrovichPanin-Kolomenkin, 1871/72- 1956 , champion 1908)

2. The first modern Olympic champion. (American track and field athlete JamesConnolly; his result in the triple jump is 13m 71cm.)

3. Two-time Olympic champion, discus thrower, who won the first Olympic gold medal in the history of Soviet sports. /Ym^d/7oyaol(o/?^a/Rol<ош/со@й^.^

4. Unique gymnast: has 18 Olympic medals, nine of them are gold. (Larisa Latynina.)

5. The star of this athlete burned brighter than others for three years in a row: in 1962, 1963, 1964. He was called the best athlete in the world. ( Valais­ riyBrumel.)

6. High jumper Dick Fosbury became an Olympic champion by jumping in a way he invented. Since then, all world achievements in this sport have been established only in this way, called the "Fosbury Flop". What is this jump? (Back to the bar.)

7. Vladimir Belousov won one of the rarest medals for our team. More in this sport, our compatriots have never been able to win. Name it. (Jumping fromtram-

8. The miracle of the games of the XXI Olympiad was Bob Beamon's long jump. Thisfrom a black American flew 8 m 90 cm. How many years did the all-time world record last? (Almost a quarter of a century: until 1991)

9. The absolute record for the number of gold medals won at one Games was set in Munich by the American swimmer Mark Spitz. How many times did he become a champion? (Semb once.)

10. In And the waist at the VII Olympic Games in 1956, Soviet hockey players managed to defeat the founders of this game - the Canadians. Remember the names of the athletes who won the victory. (Vsevolod Bobrov, Evgeny Babich, Nikolai Sologubov, Ivan Treguboe, goalkeeper Niko­ barking beams. )

Fourth Envelope Questions

Olympic mosaic

1. What is the Olympic flag? (White linenand more with five intertwined rings of blue, black, red, green and yellow. Fridayb rings symbolizeYu t five continents,)

2. "The Olympic Movement is called upon to promote the development of physical and moral qualities, which are the basis of amateur sports, to educate young people through sports in a spirit of better mutual understanding and friendship, thus contributing to the creation of a better and more peaceful world." What is this text? (Olympic-skychart.)

3. Quote the main words of the famous "Ode to Sport" by Pierre de Coubertin. ("Oh sport, you - world!»}

4. What is the name of the organization that leads the Olympic din and living inik re? (Internationall imperial committee.

5. During the opening of the Olympic Games, one of the outstanding athletes of the host country makes a speech on behalf of all the participants in the Games. What is this speech? (Olympic oath.)

6. Everyone The National Olympic Committee has an emblem. What does the emblem of the NOC of Russia look like? (Five Olympicabout lion and tricolor imageabout th tongue of flame.)

7. For special services to the Olympic Movement, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) awards a sports figure or athlete with the highest sign of Olympic honor. What is the name of this sign? (Olympic Order.)

8. What Olympic Games were held without the participation of Soviet athletes for political reasons? (XXSummer Olympic Games, 1984., los angele c, USA. )

9.XX The 1st Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow. What year? (In 1980. )

10. How is the Olympic torch lit? (A beam of sunlight collected by a system of lenses and reflectors is directed to the torch.)Fifth Envelope Questions Olympics 2000

1. Which Games were held in Sydney (Australia)? (XXVII.)

2. List the countries whose teams won the most medals at the 2000 Olympics. (USA - 97 , Russia - 88, China - 59.)

3. In which sport have our athletes won the most medals? (Gymnastics: five gold each, withe rib and bronze.)

4. Vietnamese Tan Hugh Gran's silver medal was the first Olympic medal in her country's history. In what sport was this medal won? (Takewondo.)

5. Name the sports in which Russian teams have won Olympic gold. (Fencing on sabers and swords, handball (men), synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics.)

6. The Sydney Olympics started two days before the official opening ceremony. In what sport did the “premature” competitions take place? (Football.)

7. At three Olympics in a row / this athlete stopped one step away from victory. The fourth attempt was successful. Thanks to his victory, the first award of the highest dignity appeared in the piggy bank of the Russian team. Name the famous swordsman. (Pivel Kolobkov.)

8. Sergei Aliferenko won the first victory in international competitions of the highest rank in Sydney, at the Olympic Games. In what sport? (Arrowb ba from a pistol.)

9. Olga Brusnikina and Maria Kiseleva became the first two-time Olympic champions in synchronized swimming in the history of the Games. What was the name of the musical composition under which they performed? (M. P. Mussorgsky. « Night on Bald Mountain».)

8. The 2000 Olympics have become infamous. Behind the Greek goddess of victory Nike depicted on them is

not the Athenian Parthenon... But who? (Roman Coliseum. )

II TOUR Olympic alphabet

Game progress: letters are laid out on the table in alphabetical order. The participant with the most tokens chooses a letter and reads the question; if he answers correctly, he gets another token, if he does not answer, he is out of the game. Another participant can answer for him and receive a token. Then another player comes out, and so on. The answer must begin with the letter that the player has chosen. The three players with the most tokens advance to Round III.

a) Which city was the first to raise the Olympic flag? (Antwerp, Belgium.)

b) In what city was the Olympic flame lit by a burning arrow shot from a bow? (Barcelona, Spain.)

Q) What were the winners of the Games in Ancient Greece awarded with? (A wreath of laurel leaves.)^

D) At the opening of the Olympic Games, teams go in alphabetical order of the host country. But the team of the same country always walks ahead. Which? (7)?e1<м^

E) What do athletes who take 1st to 8th places at the Olympics in individual and team competitions get? (Diplomas of the IOC.)

E) For the first time in history, an active athlete was awarded the highest award of our country. For outstanding achievements in sports, courage and heroism, she was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation. Who is she? (LoveE Gorova, skier.)

G) A body established to determine athletes or teams worthy of an award. (Jury.)

3) Medal for the highest sporting achievement. (Golden.)

I) The king of the small Greek state of Elis, whose name is associated with the establishment of athletic games in the second Olympia? I (Ifit.)

J) History has brought us the name of the winner of the Games of 776 BC. e. - a swift cook from Elis. The history of the Olympic movement begins with this name. Name it. (Norab, otherwiseKoraibos.)

K) In which city is the headquarters of the International Olympic Committee? (Lausanne, Switzerland.)

M) The mascot of the Olympic Games in Moscow. (Bear cub Misha,)

H) When the Roman emperor, known for his cruelty, wished to personally participate in the competition, he rode to the start of the chariot race in splendid isolation. None of the athletes competed with him, so as not to risk his life in vain. He fell twice. nevertheless, he came to the finish line and was crowned with an Olympic laurel wreath. Who is it? (Nero.)

A) What was the name of the winner of the Games in Ancient Greece? (Olympic.)

P) A mathematician and philosopher from the island of Samos, who left his famous theorem as a “legacy” to schoolchildren all over the world, was crowned with a laurel wreath of a fisticuff champion at the Games. Name it. (Pythagoras.)

P) Three-time Olympic champion in figure skating, partner of Alexei Ulanov and Alexander Zaitsev. (IrinaRodnina.)

C) A famous swimmer, four-time Olympic champion, who was not wanted to be included in the Olympic team on the grounds that he was “old”. (Vladimir Salnikov. )

T) Hockey goaltender, three times olympic Champion, at the age of 22 recognized as the best goalkeeper in the world, (Vladislav Tretiak.)

Y) Punishment for breaking the rules of the game. (Removal from the field.)

F) The name of the Christian Roman emperor who banned in 394 AD. e. Olympic Games as "Pagan". (Theodosius I the Great.)

X) Olympic champion of the II, III, IV Winter Olympic Games, Norwegian figure skater, movie star, who starred in the film "Serena da Sun Valley". (SonyaHenie.)

C) The club that brought up the winners of the Olympics - fencers, hockey players, basketball players, volleyball players, etc. (CSKA - Central sportsth club armand and.)

H) The athlete who won the competition. (Champion.)

III) A sport in which Yuri Vlasov broke "American dominance" and set unprecedented world records. (Weightlifting. Barbell.)

E) What were the names of the judges and stewards of the Games in Ancient Greece? (Elladonics.)

Yu) Young athlete (up to 20 years old). (Junior.)

I) At the Olympic Games in Mexico City, the mascot beast appeared for the first time. What animal became a talisman? (Jaguar.)